12 NCERT CBSE Sociology Social Movements and Their Impact on Society
Theme Analysis
Main ThemeSocial Movements and Their Impact on Society
Subject CategorySociology
Key Concepts
Question FocusQuestions focus on defining characteristics, historical context, types, and specific examples of social movements in India and globally. Emphasis is placed on understanding the objectives, methods, and impact of these movements, as well as distinguishing between different categories and their evolution. Questions cover a range of Bloom's Taxonomy levels to assess recall, comprehension, analysis, and application.
Which of the following is a fundamental characteristic required for an action to be considered a social movement, according to the text?
Hint: Think about the duration and structure mentioned for collective action.
Answer
The text states that a social movement requires 'sustained collective action over time' and 'some degree of organisation', explicitly distinguishing it from spontaneous, disorganised protest.
Explanation
The provision of an eight-hour workday and equal pay for equal work are outcomes primarily attributed to which of the following?
Hint: Recall how fundamental rights and working conditions were achieved.
Answer
The text explicitly states that 'That the work-day should not exceed eight hours, that men and women should be paid equally for doing the same work... these and many other rights were gained through social movements.'
Explanation
Which social movement in England in 1839 and 1842 collected millions of signatures advocating for universal male suffrage and voting by ballot?
Hint: Look for the specific name of the movement focused on parliamentary representation and voting rights in England.
Answer
The text identifies 'Chartism' as a social movement for parliamentary representation in England, which collected over 1.25 million signatures in 1839 and 3.25 million in 1842 for universal male suffrage.
Explanation
Beyond protest, social movements also engage in activities to foster shared understanding and consensus. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as such an activity?
Hint: Consider the stated goals and typical activities of social movements described in the text.
Answer
The text mentions holding meetings, lobbying, and developing distinct modes of protest as ways social movements act. Forming private corporations for profit is not listed as an activity to foster shared understanding or pursue a collective agenda.
Explanation
Mahatma Gandhi adopted several novel ways of protest during the freedom movement. Which of the following was NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as one of his methods?
Hint: Recall Gandhi's non-violent methods of resistance.
Answer
The text mentions Gandhi's adoption of 'ahimsa', 'satyagraha', and his use of the 'charkha' as novel ways. Armed rebellion is contrary to the principle of ahimsa.
Explanation
How does the text distinguish between 'social change' in general and 'social movements'?
Hint: Consider the duration and intentionality of each concept.
Answer
The text explicitly states: 'Social change is continuous and ongoing. ... Social movements are directed towards some specific goals. It involves long and continuous social effort and action by people.'
Explanation
According to the text, how did scholars influenced by Karl Marx differ from Emile Durkheim in their view of violent collective action?
Hint: Recall the different perspectives on social order and the motivations of protestors attributed to each sociologist.
Answer
The text states Durkheim viewed social movements as 'forces that led to disorder' and a 'major threat to the established order'. In contrast, scholars influenced by Marx, like E.P. Thompson, showed that the 'crowd' had a 'moral economy' and 'good reasons for protesting'.
Explanation
Which type of social movement aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members, as exemplified by Narayana Guru's work with the Ezhava community?
Hint: Consider the focus of change for this type of movement - is it individual or societal structure?
Answer
The text defines a 'redemptive social movement' as one that 'aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members', citing the Ezhava community example.
Explanation
The Bolshevik revolution in Russia and the Naxalite movement in India are cited as examples of which type of social movement, due to their aim to radically transform social relations and often capture state power?
Hint: Think about movements that seek fundamental and often swift societal change, including power structures.
Answer
The text describes 'Revolutionary social movements' as those that 'attempt to radically transform social relations, often by capturing state power', and lists the Bolshevik and Naxalite movements as examples.
Explanation
The text uses the example of the 1857 events being called a 'mutiny' by British colonial rulers but 'the first war of Independence' by Indian nationalists. What does this illustrate about social movements?
Hint: Consider how historical events can be viewed from multiple, often conflicting, perspectives.
Answer
The text clearly states: 'How a social movement is perceived and classified is always a matter of interpretation. It differs from one section to another,' using the 1857 example to demonstrate how different groups attach different meanings and legitimacy to movements.
Explanation
A key distinction of 'old social movements' mentioned in the text is their focus on:
Hint: Recall the primary concerns and methods of movements prior to the 'new' wave.
Answer
The text states, 'The old social movements clearly saw reorganisation of power relations as a central goal' and functioned within the frame of political parties, often being 'class-based political action'.
Explanation
According to the text, which of the following was central to 'old social movements'?
Hint: Think about the organizational structure and leadership often associated with earlier large-scale movements.
Answer
The text explicitly states, 'The old social movements functioned within the frame of political parties' and 'In the old social movements, the role of political parties was central.'
Explanation
New social movements, unlike old ones, are described as being concerned with 'quality-of-life issues'. Which example fits this description?
Hint: Recall the shift in focus from traditional economic and power concerns to broader societal well-being.
Answer
The text states that 'the 'new' social movements were not about changing the distribution of power in society but about quality-of-life issues such as having a clean environment.'
Explanation
How has globalization re-shaped new social movements, according to the text?
Hint: Consider the broader reach and interconnectedness that globalization brings to societal issues.
Answer
The text notes that 'globalisation has been re-shaping peoples’ lives' and 'Not surprisingly therefore many of the new social movements are international in scope', citing the World Social Forum as an example of new alliances.
Explanation
The Chipko Movement is presented as a prime example of which type of movement?
Hint: Recall the primary issue the Chipko Movement addressed.
Answer
The section '8.4 Ecological movements' introduces the Chipko Movement as 'an example of the ecological movement'.
Explanation
What were the 'red' and 'green' issues that were interlinked for the villagers involved in the Chipko Movement?
Hint: Consider the dual concerns of the villagers: their immediate needs and the broader environmental impact.
Answer
The text explains that the 'conflict placed the livelihood needs of poor villagers against the government’s desire to generate revenues from selling timber' (economic/red issue) and that the movement 'also raised the issue of ecological sustainability' (environmental/green issue). It concludes, 'For the villagers, these ‘red’ and ‘green’ issues were interlinked.'
Explanation
Who was the head of the village Mahila Mandal who quickly mobilised other housewives to prevent tree felling during the Chipko Movement?
Hint: Recall the specific individual mentioned for her leadership in the Chipko movement's direct action.
Answer
Box 8.3 explicitly states, 'A small girl who spied the workers with their implements rushed to Gaura Devi, the head of the village Mahila Mandal (Women’s Club). Gaura Devi quickly mobilised the other housewives and went to the forest.'
Explanation
The Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) and Champaran Satyagraha (1917–18) are examples of peasant movements that became partially linked to which larger movement?
Hint: Consider the broader historical context of these movements and the figure who often unified various struggles.
Answer
The text mentions these movements and states, 'under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi became partially linked to the Independence movement.'
Explanation
Which of the following describes a key characteristic of the 'new farmer’s movements' that began in the 1970s?
Hint: Think about how these movements differed from older peasant movements, particularly regarding their economic context and organizational nature.
Answer
The text states these movements 'involved farmers rather than peasants (farmers are said to be market-involved as both commodity producers and purchasers)' and 'The focus of demand were ‘price and related issues’'. It also notes they were 'non-party' and 'strongly anti-state and anti-urban'.
Explanation
The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed in which city in 1920?
Hint: Recall the major port city where this significant trade union body was established.
Answer
The text explicitly states: 'In 1920, the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed in Bombay.'
Explanation
According to the text, what is a unique character of the Dalit movement beyond economic exploitation and political oppression?
Hint: Think about the deeper, humanistic aspect of the struggle against untouchability.
Answer
The text states: 'This is a struggle for recognition as fellow human beings. It is a struggle for self-confidence and a space for self-determination. It is a struggle for abolishment of stigmatisation, that untouchability implied. It has been called a struggle to be touched.'
Explanation
The word 'Dalit' was first used in a new context in Marathi by which group in the early 1970s?
Hint: Recall the specific group and influential figure associated with the modern usage of the term 'Dalit'.
Answer
The text states: 'It was first used in the new context in Marathi by neo-Buddhist activists, the followers of Babasaheb Ambedkar in the early 1970s.'
Explanation
Sociologists attempting to classify Dalit movements have concluded that they often exhibit characteristics of which types of social movements?
Hint: Consider the multifaceted nature of the Dalit struggle, encompassing personal, gradual, and radical changes.
Answer
The text explicitly states: 'Sociologists’ attempts to classify Dalit movements have led them to believe that they belong to all the types, namely reformative, redemptive, revolutionary.'
Explanation
How did the colonial state's distribution of patronage based on caste influence the emergence of Backward Classes as political entities?
Hint: Consider how colonial policies might have inadvertently strengthened caste-based political mobilization rather than weakening it.
Answer
The text explains: 'The colonial state often distributed patronage on the basis of caste. It made sense, therefore, for people to stay within their caste for social and political identity in institutional life. It also influenced similarly placed caste groups to unite themselves and to form what has been termed a ‘horizontal stretch’.'
Explanation
Who was the charismatic Adivasi leader who led a major uprising against the British and became an important icon of the Jharkhand movement?
Hint: Recall the prominent tribal leader associated with the struggle for Jharkhand.
Answer
The text states: 'The social movement for Jharkhand had a charismatic leader in Birsa Munda, an adivasi who led a major uprising against the British. After his death, Birsa became an important icon of the movement.'
Explanation
What was the primary reason for the 'shared hatred of dikus' among the Adivasis in the Jharkhand movement?
Hint: Consider the economic and social impact of 'dikus' on the Adivasi population.
Answer
The text explains, 'Within south Bihar, adivasis shared a common hatred of dikus – migrant traders and moneylenders who had settled in the area and grabbed its wealth, impoverishing the original residents.'
Explanation
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an early 20th-century women's organization in India?
Hint: Identify the organizations specifically created by and for women, as listed in the text.
Answer
The text lists WIA, AIWC, and NCWI as early 20th-century women's organizations. The Indian National Congress was a broader nationalist political party, though women were involved in it.
Explanation
What marked the 'second phase' of the Indian women's movement, beginning in the mid-1970s?
Hint: Consider the period after India's independence and what new challenges or areas of focus emerged for women's activists.
Answer
The text states, 'In the mid–1970s, there was a renewal of the women’s movement in India. Some call it the second phase... While many of the concerns remained the same that there were changes both in terms of organisational strategy, as well as, ideologies. Apart from organisational changes, there were new issues that were focussed upon. For instance, violence against women.'
Explanation
The concept of a 'gender-just society' is based on two important factors mentioned in the text. What are they?
Hint: Look for the specific societal conditions mentioned as foundational for gender equality.
Answer
The text concludes the section on the women's movement by stating, 'The idea of gender-just society is based upon two important factors — educated women with multiple roles and improved sex ratio.'
Explanation
When Raja Rammohun Roy campaigned against sati, defenders of sati formed Dharma Sabha and petitioned the British not to legislate against it. This is an example of what phenomenon?
Hint: Consider actions taken to resist or oppose an ongoing social change effort.
Answer
The text states, 'While social movements seek to bring in social change, counter movements sometimes arise in defence of status quo,' and then provides the example of Dharma Sabha opposing Raja Rammohun Roy's campaign against sati.
Explanation
Universal adult franchise in India is described as a 'radical departure' from colonial rule because previously voting rights were often limited to:
Hint: Recall the restrictions on voting rights during colonial times, even in the colonizing country.
Answer
The text states that under colonial rule, 'Voting rights were limited to property-owning men' even in Britain, making universal adult franchise in India a significant change.
Explanation
A group of residents organizes weekly meetings, establishes a clear leadership structure, and consistently lobbies local government for better public transportation over several months. Based on the text's definition, this collective action can be classified as a social movement primarily because it demonstrates:
Hint: Refer to the core characteristics that differentiate a social movement from a mere protest or individual complaint.
Answer
The text defines a social movement as requiring 'sustained collective action over time' and 'some degree of organisation', including 'leadership and a structure' and 'shared objectives'. The scenario directly matches these criteria.
Explanation
E.P. Thompson's research, influenced by Karl Marx, suggested that the 'crowd' and 'mob' in protests:
Hint: Recall the alternative perspective offered by Marxist-influenced scholars regarding the motivations of protestors.
Answer
The text states, 'Historians like E. P. Thompson showed that the ‘crowd’ and the ‘mob’ were not made up of anarchic hooligans out to destroy society. Instead, they too had a ‘moral economy’. In other words, they have their own shared understanding of right and wrong that informed their actions. Their research showed that poor people in urban areas had good reasons for protesting.'
Explanation
The text notes that a social movement's orientation can shift over time, for example, starting with revolutionary objectives and becoming reformist. This process, where a movement becomes more institutionalized, is referred to by social scientists as a move towards:
Hint: Consider the term used to describe the formalization and structural development of a social movement.
Answer
The text states, 'Social scientists who study the life cycles of social movements call this a move towards ‘social movement organisations’.'
Explanation
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between 'old' and 'new' social movements in the context of globalization, according to the text?
Hint: Think about how different types of movements might collaborate on contemporary global issues.
Answer
The text explicitly states: 'What is significant, however, is that the old and new movements are working together in new alliances such as the World Social Forum that have been raising awareness about the hazards of globalisation.'
Explanation
The 1970 Alaknanda valley floods were a turning point in the ecological history of the region because they led villagers to perceive the link between:
Hint: Recall the environmental disaster that preceded and highlighted the need for the Chipko Movement.
Answer
Box 8.3 explains, 'The 1970 floods mark a turning-point in the ecological history of the region. Villagers, who bore the brunt of the damage, were beginning to perceive the hitherto tenuous links between deforestation, landslides and floods.'
Explanation
Which two classical cases of peasant movements occurred around the time of Indian Independence (1946-1951)?
Hint: Look for the peasant movements specifically identified as 'classical' and occurring during the post-independence period.
Answer
The text states, 'At the time of Independence, we had the two most classical cases of peasant movements, namely the Tebhaga movement (1946–47) and the Telangana movement (1946–51).'
Explanation
Why was labor very cheap in India during the early stages of colonialism?
Hint: Consider the role of government policy (or lack thereof) in determining labor costs during the colonial period.
Answer
The text explains, 'In the early stages of colonialism, labour was very cheap as the colonial government did not regulate either wages or working conditions.'
Explanation
Who founded the first trade union in Madras in April 1918?
Hint: Recall the specific individual credited with forming India's first trade union.
Answer
The text states, 'The first trade union was established in April 1918 in Madras by B.P. Wadia, a social worker and member of the Theosophical Society.'
Explanation
The split in the AITUC in 1947 and the formation of the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) by the Indian National Congress primarily indicates what about the working-class movement?
Hint: Consider the implications of different political parties forming their own labor organizations.
Answer
The text explains, 'The split in the AITUC in 1947 paved the way for further splits on the line of political parties. Apart from the working class movement being divided on the lines of political parties at the national level, regional parties too started to form their own unions from the late 1960s.'
Explanation
The inherent meaning in the word 'Dalit' itself, as described in the text, implies a denial of:
Hint: Recall the traditional justifications for the caste system that the term 'Dalit' implicitly rejects.
Answer
The text states: 'There is, in the word itself, inherent denial of pollution, karma and justified caste hierarchy.'
Explanation
In the North East, tribal movements initially showed a tendency towards secessionism, but this trend was later replaced by a search for what?
Hint: Consider the evolution of tribal demands in the North East in relation to the Indian state.
Answer
Box 8.8 (Nongbri 2003: 115) states: 'While the earlier phase showed a tendency towards secessionism, this trend has been replaced by a search for autonomy within the framework of the Indian Constitution.'
Explanation
The women's movement has increasingly recognized that while all women face some disadvantage, they do not all suffer the same level or kind of discrimination. This implies that:
Hint: Think about how intersecting identities like class and caste can shape a woman's experiences of discrimination.
Answer
The text states: 'There has been a recognition too that while all women are in some way disadvantaged vis-a-vis men, all women do not suffer the same level or kind of discrimination. The concerns of the educated middle class woman is different from the peasant woman, just as the concern of the Dalit woman is different from the ‘upper caste’ woman.'
Explanation
The text states that 'ecological issues are central to tribal movements' just as 'cultural issues of identity and economic issues such as, inequality, are.' This indicates that tribal movements often:
Hint: Consider the multiple dimensions of challenges faced by tribal communities, as described in the text.
Answer
The text explicitly mentions the centrality of ecological, cultural, and economic issues to tribal movements, highlighting their interconnectedness rather than a singular focus.
Explanation
Considering the various examples in the text, which statement best summarizes the overall impact of social movements on society?
Hint: Think about the broad narrative presented from the introduction to the conclusion regarding the role and outcomes of social movements.
Answer
The entire text emphasizes that social movements have 'shaped the world we live in and continue to do so', gaining rights, inspiring other movements, and bringing about significant changes despite resistance. It also highlights their focus on diverse issues beyond just economic ones.
Explanation
Before the emergence of formal trade unions, how were workers' actions characterized in the early stages of colonialism in India?
Hint: Consider the nature of worker resistance before formal organizations were established.
Answer
The text states, 'Though trade unions emerged later, workers did protest. Their actions then were, however, more spontaneous than sustained.'
Explanation
Social movements often arise with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issue. Which of the following is an example of such a public issue mentioned in the text?
Hint: Recall the types of broad societal concerns that movements typically address.
Answer
The text states, 'Social movements often arise with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issue, such as ensuring the right of the tribal population to use the forests or the right of displaced people to settlement and compensation.'
Explanation
A movement is campaigning for stricter laws against environmental pollution and advocating for government policies that promote renewable energy. This movement is most accurately classified as:
Hint: Consider if the movement seeks to fundamentally overthrow the system or to make changes within its existing framework.
Answer
A reformist social movement 'strives to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps', such as demanding changes in state policy or practice. Campaigning for stricter laws and new government policies fits this description, aiming for gradual change within the existing system.
Explanation
Beyond economic inequality, 'new social movements' are also characterized by their engagement with 'identity politics' and 'cultural anxieties'. What does this imply about their participants?
Hint: Think about how shared non-economic characteristics can bring diverse groups of people together in new movements.
Answer
The text explains, 'Identity politics, cultural anxieties and aspirations are essential elements in creating social movements... Often, these social movements unite participants across class boundaries. For instance, the women’s movement includes urban, middle-class feminists as well as poor peasant women.'
Explanation
The conclusion of the text highlights that social movements best demonstrate the 'dialectical relationship' between which two entities?
Hint: Recall the fundamental relationship that social movements are said to exemplify, as mentioned at the very end of the text.
Answer
The conclusion states, 'We had begun by discussing the dialectical relationship between the individual and the society. Social movements perhaps best show this relationship.'
Explanation
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