12 NCERT CBSE Political Science
Recent Developments In Indian Politics
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Theme Analysis
Main ThemeRecent Developments in Indian Politics (1980s-2019)
Subject CategoryPolitical Science
Key Concepts
Question FocusThe questions cover key political shifts in India since the late 1980s, focusing on the end of Congress dominance, the rise of coalition governments, the Mandal issue, economic liberalization, and the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. Questions are designed to test understanding of cause-and-effect relationships, significant events, and the evolution of the Indian party system and political consensus, with a mix of difficulty levels and Bloom's Taxonomy.
Which election marked the end of what political scientists called the 'Congress system' due to the significant defeat of the Congress party?
Hint: Think about the election immediately following the massive 1984 victory, where the Congress saw a major decline.
Answer
The 1989 Lok Sabha elections marked the end of the 'Congress system' as the party's seats significantly reduced, signaling a loss of its earlier centrality.
Explanation
The source text states, 'But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the ‘Congress system’.' The Congress party's seats were reduced from 415 in 1984 to 197 in 1989, indicating a significant decline in its dominant position.
What was the 'Mandal issue' primarily concerned with in national politics, following the National Front government's decision in 1990?
Hint: Recall the major decision made by the National Front government in 1990 related to social justice.
Answer
The 'Mandal issue' revolved around the implementation of the Mandal Commission's recommendation for reserving jobs in central government for OBCs.
Explanation
The text explains, 'Second development was the rise of the ‘Mandal issue’ in national politics. This followed the decision by the new National Front government in 1990, to implement the recommendation of the Mandal Commission that jobs in central government should be reserved for the Other Backward Classes.' This decision led to widespread protests and became a central political dispute.
When did the new economic reforms, also known as the structural adjustment programme, become very visible in India, marking a radical change in economic direction?
Hint: Consider the year associated with major economic liberalization policies that shifted India's post-Independence economic path.
Answer
The new economic reforms became very visible in 1991, changing India's economic direction significantly.
Explanation
The source states, 'Started by Rajiv Gandhi, these changes first became very visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction that the Indian economy had pursued since Independence.' This refers to the initiation of the structural adjustment programme or new economic reforms.
Which issue, deeply rooted in socio-cultural and political history, started influencing Indian politics and transformed the discourse on secularism and democracy?
Hint: Think about the centuries-old legal and political dispute that gained significant political prominence in this period.
Answer
The Ram Janmabhoomi Temple issue in Ayodhya became a central point in Indian politics, profoundly impacting the debate on secularism and democracy.
Explanation
The text identifies, 'Fourth, the centuries old legal and political dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi Temple in Ayodhya started influencing the politics of India which gave birth to various political changes. The Ram Janmabhoomi Temple Movement, becoming the central issue, transformed the direction of the discourse on secularism and democracy.'
Who became the Prime Minister of India after the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991?
Hint: Recall the Congress leader who took the helm after the sudden leadership change in 1991.
Answer
Narsimha Rao was chosen as the Prime Minister following Rajiv Gandhi's assassination in May 1991.
Explanation
The document states, 'Finally, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to a change in leadership of the Congress party... Following Rajiv Gandhi’s death, the party chose Narsimha Rao as the Prime Minister.'
The elections of 1989 are considered the beginning of an 'era of coalition governments' at the Centre. What was the primary reason for this?
Hint: Consider the electoral outcome that necessitated multiple parties coming together to form a government.
Answer
The era of coalition governments began because no single party, including the largest party (Congress), could secure a clear majority in the Lok Sabha after 1989.
Explanation
The text explains, 'Elections in 1989 led to the defeat of the Congress party but did not result in a majority for any other party. Though the Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha, it did not have a clear majority and therefore, it decided to sit in the opposition.' This led to the formation of coalition governments.
How did the decline of Congress dominance after 1989 differ from the challenges it faced in the late sixties?
Hint: Compare the outcome of the challenges to Congress power in these two distinct periods.
Answer
While Indira Gandhi managed to re-establish Congress dominance in the late sixties, the post-1989 period saw the end of single-party dominance without any other single party filling the void.
Explanation
The text states, 'Way back in the late sixties, the dominance of the Congress party was challenged; but the Congress under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, managed to re-establish its predominant position in politics. The nineties saw yet another challenge to the predominant position of the Congress. It did not, however, mean the emergence of any other single party to fill in its place.' This highlights the key difference.
Which two diametrically opposite political groups supported the National Front government that came to power in 1989?
Hint: Think about the unusual alliance that formed to keep the Congress out of power after the 1989 elections.
Answer
The National Front government of 1989 received support from both the BJP and the Left Front, despite their ideological differences.
Explanation
The text notes, 'The National Front (which itself was an alliance of Janata Dal and some other regional parties) received support from two diametrically opposite political groups: the BJP and the Left Front.'
What significant role did regional parties play in Central government formation after 1989, until 2014?
Hint: Consider how the absence of a clear majority for national parties impacted the influence of smaller, regional parties.
Answer
Regional parties became crucial in forming ruling alliances at the Centre after 1989, as no single party could secure a clear majority until 2014.
Explanation
The text states, 'This development initiated an era of coalition governments at the Centre, in which regional parties played a crucial role in forming ruling alliances but in 2014 and 2019 Lok Sabha election, the BJP got clear majority on its own.' This highlights their significant role in the coalition era.
The support for the United Front government in 1996 by the Congress, while the Left Front also supported it, illustrates which aspect of coalition politics in the 1990s?
Hint: Consider the motivations behind seemingly contradictory alliances, especially regarding common opposition to a particular party.
Answer
This situation demonstrates the unstable and pragmatic nature of political alliances, where parties with different ideologies supported a non-Congress government to keep the BJP out.
Explanation
The text explicitly mentions this, 'In 1989, both the Left and the BJP supported the National Front Government because they wanted to keep the Congress out of power. In 1996, the Left continued to support the non-Congress government but this time the Congress, supported it, as both the Congress and the Left wanted to keep the BJP out of power. This shows how unstable the political equations were.'
What administrative category does the term 'OBC' refer to, other than Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)?
Hint: Recall the criteria used to define 'Other Backward Classes' in the context of reservations.
Answer
OBCs are defined as communities, other than SC and ST, who suffer from educational and social backwardness.
Explanation
The text clarifies, 'This refers to the administrative category ‘Other Backward Classes’. These are communities other than SC and ST who suffer from educational and social backwardness. These are also referred to as ‘backward castes’.'
How did the implementation of the Mandal Commission's recommendations affect people from OBC communities?
Hint: Consider the social impact of a policy that specifically targeted a large segment of the population based on their social category.
Answer
The intense national debate surrounding the Mandal Commission's recommendations raised awareness among OBC communities about their identity, aiding their political mobilization.
Explanation
The text states, 'The intense national debate for and against reservation in jobs made people from the OBC communities more aware of this identity. Thus, it helped those who wanted to mobilise these groups in politics.'
Who chaired the Second Backward Classes Commission, popularly known as the Mandal Commission?
Hint: The commission's popular name is derived from its chairperson's name.
Answer
Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal was the Chairperson of the Second Backward Classes Commission, which became known as the Mandal Commission.
Explanation
The text explicitly states, 'Popularly, the commission is known as the Mandal Commission, after the name of its Chairperson, Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal.'
What percentage of seats in educational institutions and government jobs did the Mandal Commission recommend reserving for Other Backward Classes (OBCs)?
Hint: Recall the specific percentage that became a point of national debate regarding OBC reservations.
Answer
The Mandal Commission recommended reserving 27 per cent of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for OBCs.
Explanation
The text mentions, 'It therefore recommended reserving 27 per cent of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these groups.'
The decision to implement the Mandal Commission's recommendations was challenged in the Supreme Court, leading to a case known as what?
Hint: The case is named after one of the petitioners who challenged the government's decision.
Answer
The challenge to the Mandal Commission's implementation in the Supreme Court became known as the 'Indira Sawhney case'.
Explanation
The text states, 'The decision was also challenged in the Supreme Court and came to be known as the ‘Indira Sawhney case’, after the name of one of the petitioners.'
The formation of the Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) in 1978 was a precursor to the emergence of which political party?
Hint: Consider the organization that focused on empowering SC, ST, OBC, and minorities, and its later political offshoot.
Answer
BAMCEF, formed in 1978, was an organization that advocated for political power to the 'bahujan' and led to the eventual emergence of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP).
Explanation
The text explains, 'In 1978 the Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) was formed... It was out of this that the subsequent Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti and later the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) emerged under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.'
Who was the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and a proponent of Bahujan empowerment?
Hint: Recall the leader credited with Dalit resurgence in North Indian states and the formation of a major party representing these groups.
Answer
Kanshi Ram founded the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and was a key figure in the empowerment of Bahujans.
Explanation
The text provides a biographical note on Kanshi Ram: 'Proponent of Bahujan empowerment and founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP);... founder of BAMCEF, DS-4 and finally the BSP in 1984.'
Initially, after its formation in 1980, what was the broader political platform adopted by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) alongside cultural nationalism?
Hint: Consider the specific term used to describe the BJP's initial economic and social philosophy, which later shifted.
Answer
The BJP initially adopted 'Gandhian Socialism' along with cultural nationalism as its ideology after its formation.
Explanation
The text states, 'Initially, the BJP adopted a broader political platform than that of the Jana Sangh. BJP embraced ‘Gandhian’ Socialism’ along with cultural nationalism as its ideology.'
Who popularized 'Hindutva' as the basis of Indian nationhood, meaning that to be an Indian, one must accept India as their 'fatherland' and 'holy land'?
Hint: Recall the historical figure associated with the concept of Hindutva.
Answer
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar popularized 'Hindutva' as the foundation of Indian nationhood.
Explanation
The text clearly states, 'Hindutva was popularised by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, as the basis of Indian nationhood. It basically meant that to be an Indian, one must accept India as their ‘fatherland’ (pitrubhu) as well as their holy land (punyabhu).'
The Shah Bano case (1985) and the subsequent Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, led the BJP to criticize the Congress government for what reason?
Hint: Consider the political accusation leveled against the government for nullifying a Supreme Court judgment concerning a minority community.
Answer
The BJP criticized the Congress government's action in the Shah Bano case as an 'unnecessary concession' and 'appeasement' of the Muslim minority community.
Explanation
The text mentions, 'The BJP criticised this action of the Congress government as an unnecessary concession and ‘appeasement’ of the minority community.' This event became central to BJP's politics around 1986.
When did the constitutional bench of the Supreme Court announce its decision regarding the Ayodhya issue, leading to the construction of the Ram Temple?
Hint: Recall the recent landmark Supreme Court verdict date concerning the Ram Janmabhoomi dispute.
Answer
The Supreme Court's decision on the Ayodhya issue was announced on November 9, 2019.
Explanation
The text states, 'These changes culminated in the construction of the Ram Temple at Ayodhya following the decision of the constitutional bench of the Supreme Court (which was announced on November 9, 2019).'
The Supreme Court's resolution of the Ayodhya issue is presented as a classic example of what in a plural society like India?
Hint: Consider how the final resolution, based on legal evidence, was received by society.
Answer
The resolution of the Ayodhya issue by the Supreme Court is highlighted as an example of consensus building and the maturity of democratic ethos in India.
Explanation
The text concludes this section by stating, 'The Supreme Court’s decision was celebrated by the society at large. It is a classic example of consensus building on a sensitive issue that shows the maturity of democratic ethos which are civilizationally ingrained in India.'
Which political alliance, led by the Congress party, came to power in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections?
Hint: Recall the name of the Congress-led coalition government that succeeded the NDA in 2004.
Answer
The United Progressive Alliance (UPA), led by the Congress party, came to power in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections.
Explanation
The text specifies, 'In the elections of 2004, the Congress party too entered into coalitions in a big way. The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) was defeated and a new coalition government led by the Congress, known as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) came to power.'
Who was sworn in as Prime Minister for the second term, heading the UPA coalition government, after the 2009 Lok Sabha elections?
Hint: Think of the Prime Minister who led the Congress-led coalition government for two consecutive terms (2004-2014).
Answer
Dr. Manmohan Singh was sworn in as Prime Minister for a second term, leading the UPA government after the 2009 elections.
Explanation
The text states, 'Elections for 15th Lok Sabha were held in 2009. Results witnessed a rise in the number of seats (from 145 in 2004 to 206 in 2009) of the Indian National Congress (INC) and Congress led UPA Government. Dr. Manmohan Singh was sworn as Prime Minister for the second term, heading the coalition government of UPA again.'
In which Lok Sabha election did the BJP, under Narendra Modi's leadership, secure a clear single-party majority after 30 years?
Hint: Recall the election that marked a significant departure from the era of coalition governments.
Answer
The BJP secured a clear single-party majority in the 16th Lok Sabha elections held in 2014.
Explanation
The text notes, 'BJP under the leadership of Narendra Modi got a clear majority in 16th Lok Sabha elections held in 2014. BJP won 282 seats on its own, becoming the first party to gain single party majority after 30 years.'
One element of the 'growing consensus' among most political parties since the 1990s is the acceptance of new economic policies. What is the general belief among parties regarding these policies?
Hint: Consider the widespread perception among political actors about the long-term benefits of economic liberalization.
Answer
Most political parties believe that the new economic policies will lead India to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
Explanation
The text states, 'First, agreement on new economic policies – while many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties are in support of the new economic policies. Most parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.'
How has the 'growing consensus' affected the political parties' stance on the claims of backward castes?
Hint: Think about the widespread acceptance of the Mandal Commission's principles over time.
Answer
As part of the growing consensus, most political parties now support reservation of seats for 'backward classes' in education and employment.
Explanation
The text states, 'Second, acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes – political parties have recognised that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result, all political parties now support reservation of seats for the ‘backward classes’ in education and employment.'
What is the third element of the 'growing consensus' regarding State-level parties?
Hint: Consider the impact of coalition politics on the influence of regional political entities.
Answer
The consensus acknowledges that the distinction between State-level and national-level parties is blurring, with State parties playing a central role in national governance.
Explanation
The text explains, 'Third, acceptance of the role of State level parties in governance of the country – the distinction between State level and national level parties is fast becoming less important. As we saw in this chapter, State level parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.'
The fourth element of the 'growing consensus' emphasizes pragmatic considerations over ideological positions in political alliances. How did this manifest in the NDA government led by BJP?
Hint: Recall the nature of alliances in the coalition era, particularly when parties with diverse ideologies came together.
Answer
Despite most NDA parties not agreeing with the BJP's 'Hindutva' ideology, they formed a government and completed their term due to pragmatic power-sharing arrangements.
Explanation
The text states, 'Fourth, emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement – coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Thus, most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of the BJP. Yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.'
Who was the Prime Minister during the BJP-led NDA governments from May 1998 to June 1999 and again after being re-elected in October 1999?
Hint: Think of the BJP leader who led the first stable NDA government in the late 1990s.
Answer
Atal Behari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister during both these NDA governments.
Explanation
The text specifies, 'Atal Behari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister during both these NDA governments and his government formed in 1999 completed its full term.'
The text describes the political developments of the last two decades (from the 1990s) as complex and difficult to understand due to what characteristic?
Hint: Consider the introductory remarks about the nature of political change in this period.
Answer
The political developments were complex and difficult to understand because various factors converged to produce unforeseen outcomes.
Explanation
The introductory paragraph states, 'These developments are complex, for various kinds of factors came together to produce unanticipated outcomes in this period. The new era in politics was impossible to foresee; it is still very difficult to understand.'
Which event occurred first among the following?
Hint: Chronologically arrange the major political shifts mentioned at the beginning of the 'Context of the 1990s' section.
Answer
The defeat of the Congress party in the 1989 Lok Sabha elections occurred before the other listed events.
Explanation
The document lists five developments: 'First the most crucial development of this period was the defeat of the Congress party in the elections held in 1989.' This precedes the Mandal issue (1990), new economic reforms (visible 1991), and Rajiv Gandhi's assassination (May 1991).
The economic policy changes initiated around 1991, known as the new economic reforms, primarily affected India's economy in what way?
Hint: Consider the profound impact described for these economic policies on India's historical economic trajectory.
Answer
The new economic reforms radically changed the direction that the Indian economy had pursued since Independence.
Explanation
The text states, 'Started by Rajiv Gandhi, these changes first became very visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction that the Indian economy had pursued since Independence.'
The statement 'the party system has now changed almost dramatically from what it was till the seventies' is best supported by which development?
Hint: Reflect on the overall transition in how governments were formed and how political power was distributed over the decades.
Answer
The dramatic change in the party system is best exemplified by the shift from the Congress system's one-party dominance to an era characterized by multi-party alliances and coalition governments.
Explanation
The concluding paragraph before 'Growing consensus' explicitly states, 'Thus, the party system has now changed almost dramatically from what it was till the seventies.' This change is described throughout the chapter as the decline of Congress dominance and the rise of coalition politics involving multiple parties and regional players.
What was the core philosophy of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) under Kanshi Ram's leadership regarding political power?
Hint: Consider the biographical note on Kanshi Ram and his view on how social equality could be achieved.
Answer
Kanshi Ram regarded political power as the master key to attaining social equality for the Bahujans.
Explanation
Kanshi Ram's biography states he 'regarded political power as master key to attaining social equality.' The BSP's strategy was based on the numerical strength of the Bahujans (SC, ST, OBC, minorities) to achieve this power.
The demand for reservations for backward castes in North India and at the national level was strongly raised during the tenure of which government in 1977-79?
Hint: Think about the government that came to power immediately after the Emergency and appointed the Mandal Commission.
Answer
The demand for backward caste reservations gained strong traction during the Janata Party government's tenure in 1977-79.
Explanation
The text states, 'It was during the tenure of Janata Party government in 1977-79 that the demand for reservations for backward castes in north India and at the national level was strongly raised.' This government then appointed the Mandal Commission.
The Janata Party government in 1977 saw the first national-level political expression of parties with strong support among which social group?
Hint: Recall which social group's support base was significant for the Janata Party's constituents like Bharatiya Kranti Dal and Samyukta Socialist Party.
Answer
The Janata Party government in 1977 first gave national-level political expression to parties with strong support among the OBCs.
Explanation
The text mentions, 'You would recall that the rise of these parties first found political expression at the national level in the form of the Janata Party government in 1977. Many of the constituents of the Janata Party, like the Bharatiya Kranti Dal and the Samyukta Socialist Party, had a powerful rural base among some sections of the OBC.'
After the fall and break-up of the Janata Party, supporters of the erstwhile Jana Sangh formed which new political party in 1980?
Hint: Recall the major national party that emerged from the remnants of the Jana Sangh after the Janata experiment.
Answer
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was formed in 1980 by supporters of the erstwhile Jana Sangh after the Janata Party's dissolution.
Explanation
The text states, 'After the fall of the Janata Party and its break-up, the supporters of erstwhile Jana Sangh formed the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1980.'
After 1986, the BJP began to emphasize which concept as the core of its ideology, moving away from 'Gandhian Socialism'?
Hint: Consider the ideological shift that occurred within the BJP after its initial electoral struggles in the mid-1980s.
Answer
After 1986, the BJP shifted its emphasis to nationalism as the core of its ideology, alongside pursuing the politics of 'Hindutva'.
Explanation
The text notes, 'After 1986, the party began to emphasise nationalism as the core of its ideology. The BJP also pursued the politics of ‘Hindutva’ for political mobilisation.'
The demolition of the three-dome structure in Ayodhya in 1992 was seen by some critics as a substantial challenge to which principles of Indian governance?
Hint: Recall the broader debate that the Ayodhya issue sparked regarding India's foundational values.
Answer
The demolition in Ayodhya in 1992 was contended by critics to be a significant challenge to the principles of Indian democracy and secularism.
Explanation
The text states, 'In 1992, following the demolition of the structure, some critics contended that it presented a substantial challenge to the principles of Indian democracy.' The entire section also discusses how the Ram Janmabhoomi movement transformed the discourse on secularism and democracy.
Which of these events occurred in 1991?
Hint: Recall the two major developments of 1991 that marked significant political and economic shifts.
Answer
Both Rajiv Gandhi's assassination and the increased visibility of new economic reforms occurred in 1991.
Explanation
The text mentions, 'Finally, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to a change in leadership...' and 'Started by Rajiv Gandhi, these changes first became very visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction that the Indian economy had pursued since Independence.'
The 'Congress system' is described as a period where the Congress party was a 'coalition' of different interests and social groups. What major development replaced this system after 1989?
Hint: Think about the new political arrangement that became prevalent when no single party could secure a clear majority.
Answer
After 1989, the 'Congress system' was replaced by an era characterized by multi-party alliances and coalition governments at the Centre.
Explanation
The text states, 'This gave rise to the term ‘Congress system’. A cartoonist’s depiction of the change from one-party dominance to a multi-party alliance system.' The preceding paragraphs detail the shift to an era of coalition governments after 1989.
The support provided by the Congress to the United Front government in 1996, despite their own ideological differences, indicates what strategic priority?
Hint: Recall the 'unstable political equations' and the common adversary that united disparate parties.
Answer
The Congress's support for the United Front government in 1996, similar to the Left's stance, was primarily a strategic move to prevent the BJP from coming to power.
Explanation
The text explains, 'In 1996, the Left continued to support the non-Congress government but this time the Congress, supported it, as both the Congress and the Left wanted to keep the BJP out of power.' This highlights the strategic priority of opposing the BJP.
What was the primary objective of the Mandal Commission, appointed in 1978?
Hint: Recall the mandate given to the Second Backward Classes Commission.
Answer
The Mandal Commission's main objective was to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of Indian society and recommend ways to address it.
Explanation
The text states, 'The Mandal Commission was set up to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of Indian society and recommend ways of identifying these ‘backward classes’. It was also expected to give its recommendations on the ways in which this backwardness could be ended.'
The Mandal Commission advised that 'backward classes' should be understood to mean 'backward castes' because...
Hint: Think about the social reality the Commission acknowledged regarding the definition of backwardness.
Answer
The Commission advised that 'backward classes' should be understood as 'backward castes' because many castes, apart from Scheduled Castes, also faced low status in the caste hierarchy.
Explanation
The text states, 'The Commission advised that ‘backward classes’ should be understood to mean ‘backward castes’, since many castes, other than the Scheduled Castes, were also treated as low in the caste hierarchy.'
Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE during an election campaign tour in which Indian state?
Hint: Recall the southern Indian state where the assassination occurred.
Answer
Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in Tamil Nadu while on an election campaign tour.
Explanation
The text states, 'He was assassinated by a Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE when he was on an election campaign tour in Tamil Nadu.'
The rise of a new policy consensus among most parties, despite severe competition, indicates what about the nature of Indian politics?
Hint: Consider the meaning of a 'consensus' forming amidst competition.
Answer
The emergence of a new policy consensus suggests that despite competition, there's an implicit agreement among major political actors on certain fundamental issues.
Explanation
The text states, 'In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties... Thus, even as political parties act within the sphere of this consensus, popular movements and organisations are simultaneously identifying new forms, visions and pathways of development.' This shows an underlying agreement.
The resolution of the Ayodhya issue by the Supreme Court, based on evidences like archaeological excavations and historical records, demonstrates democracy's ability to do what in a plural society?
Hint: Consider the broader implications of a legal resolution to a deeply divisive socio-religious conflict.
Answer
The Ayodhya resolution showcases democracy's capacity to resolve conflicts in a plural society while upholding the inclusive spirit of the Constitution.
Explanation
The text states, 'In this way, democracy gives room for conflict resolution in a plural society like ours, upholding the inclusive spirit of the Constitution. This issue was resolved following the due process of law based on evidences such as archaeological excavations and historical records.'
Who became the Prime Minister of India after the assassination of Indira Gandhi in 1984?
Hint: Recall the immediate successor to Indira Gandhi in 1984.
Answer
Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister after his mother Indira Gandhi's assassination in 1984.
Explanation
The text states, 'You have read in the last chapter that Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister after the assassination of Indira Gandhi. He led the Congress to a massive victory in the Lok Sabha elections held immediately thereafter in 1984.'
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