Political Science
The Constitution of India: Evolution, Fundamental Principles, and Governance Structure
Author Dr. K.SELVAKUMAR
Packiam AI Quiz Maker
Theme Analysis
Main ThemeThe Constitution of India: Evolution, Fundamental Principles, and Governance Structure
Subject CategoryPolitical Science
Key Concepts
Question FocusQuestions focus on the historical development, the core values and rights enshrined, and the functions of the executive branch. A balance of 'Remember' and 'Understand' Bloom's levels is maintained, with 70% targeting the main theme, 20% key supporting concepts, and 10% important reinforcing details.
Which British Act first established the post of Governor General of Bengal?
Hint: Consider the earliest British legislative efforts to control the East India Company.
Answer
The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first step by the British government to regulate the East India Company’s administration in India and established the post of Governor General of Bengal.
Explanation
The Regulating Act of 1773 was a significant legislative measure by the British Parliament to control the affairs of the East India Company. It marked the first direct intervention by the British government in the company's administration in India and created the position of Governor General of Bengal, with Warren Hastings being the first holder.
Which Act abolished the East India Company's rule and brought India directly under British Crown rule?
Hint: This act was a direct consequence of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer
The Government of India Act, 1858, abolished the East India Company's rule and brought India directly under British Crown rule.
Explanation
Following the Revolt of 1857, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, 1858. This Act transferred the powers of governance from the East India Company to the British Crown, effectively ending the company's rule and initiating direct administration by the British government through a Secretary of State for India.
The system of 'Dyarchy' (Dual Government) in provinces was introduced by which Act?
Hint: This reform aimed to increase Indian participation in governance but with limitations.
Answer
Dyarchy in provinces was introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms).
Explanation
The Government of India Act, 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, introduced Dyarchy in the provinces. This system divided provincial subjects into 'reserved' (controlled by British governors and their executive council) and 'transferred' (administered by Indian ministers accountable to the provincial legislature), marking a limited step towards responsible government.
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 led to the creation of which two independent nations?
Hint: This act formally concluded British colonial rule in the subcontinent.
Answer
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 ended British rule and created the separate nations of India and Pakistan.
Explanation
Passed by the British Parliament on July 18, 1947, the Indian Independence Act, 1947, formally ended British rule in India. It partitioned British India into two new independent dominions: India and Pakistan, granting them complete legislative and administrative powers.
Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution?
Hint: He is often referred to as the 'Father of the Indian Constitution'.
Answer
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution.
Explanation
The Constituent Assembly, formed in 1946, entrusted the task of drafting the Constitution to a Drafting Committee. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent jurist and politician, was appointed as its Chairman, playing a pivotal role in shaping the final document.
On what date was the Indian Constitution adopted by the Constituent Assembly?
Hint: This date is celebrated as Constitution Day.
Answer
The Indian Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949.
Explanation
The Constituent Assembly completed its work and adopted the Constitution on November 26, 1949. While it was adopted on this date, it came into full effect on January 26, 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day.
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is inspired by which resolution?
Hint: This resolution laid down the fundamental philosophy and guiding principles for the Constitution.
Answer
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is inspired by Jawaharlal Nehru’s Objectives Resolution (1946).
Explanation
Jawaharlal Nehru presented the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly in December 1946. This resolution outlined the aspirations and values that the Constitution was meant to embody, such as justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, and served as the philosophical basis for the Preamble.
Which amendment added the terms "Socialist" and "Secular" to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution?
Hint: This amendment is often referred to as a 'mini-Constitution' due to its extensive changes.
Answer
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added the terms "Socialist" and "Secular" to the Preamble.
Explanation
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, enacted during the Emergency, made several significant changes to the Constitution. Among these was the amendment to the Preamble, which added the words 'Socialist' and 'Secular' and also changed 'Unity of the Nation' to 'Unity and Integrity of the Nation', reinforcing India's commitment to these ideals.
What does the phrase "We, the People of India" in the Preamble signify?
Hint: This opening statement highlights popular sovereignty.
Answer
The phrase "We, the People of India" signifies that the people are the ultimate source of authority and that the Constitution derives its power from them.
Explanation
The Preamble begins with 'We, the People of India,' which explicitly states that the Constitution is made by and for the people of India. This phrase underscores the principle of popular sovereignty, meaning that the ultimate authority rests with the people, and the government's power is derived from them.
What does the term "Republic" in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution primarily mean?
Hint: Think about the nature of the highest office in the country.
Answer
A "Republic" means that India’s head of state (President) is elected, not a hereditary monarch.
Explanation
The term 'Republic' in the Preamble signifies that India does not have a hereditary monarch as its head of state. Instead, the President, who is the head of state, is elected indirectly by the people for a fixed term, ensuring that every citizen is eligible to hold public office.
Which Supreme Court case ruled that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution but cannot be used to override specific provisions?
Hint: This landmark case also introduced the 'Basic Structure Doctrine'.
Answer
In the Keshavananda Bharati Case (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that the Preamble is part of the Constitution but cannot be used to override specific provisions.
Explanation
The Keshavananda Bharati Case (1973) is a landmark judgment where the Supreme Court held that the Preamble is indeed a part of the Constitution. However, it clarified that while the Preamble embodies the basic structure and philosophy of the Constitution, it cannot be used to override or amend specific provisions of the Constitution.
Fundamental Rights are enshrined in which Part of the Indian Constitution?
Hint: This part deals with the civil liberties and protections for individuals.
Answer
Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12-35) of the Indian Constitution.
Explanation
Part III of the Indian Constitution, spanning Articles 12 to 35, guarantees Fundamental Rights to citizens. These rights are crucial for individual freedom and democracy, protecting individuals from arbitrary government actions and ensuring equality.
Why is Article 32, the Right to Constitutional Remedies, called "The Heart and Soul of the Constitution" by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?
Hint: This article provides a direct mechanism for the protection of other fundamental rights.
Answer
Article 32 is called "The Heart and Soul of the Constitution" because it allows citizens to enforce their Fundamental Rights through the Supreme Court.
Explanation
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar considered Article 32 vital because it makes Fundamental Rights truly enforceable. Without the right to approach the Supreme Court for their enforcement, Fundamental Rights would be meaningless. This article empowers the Supreme Court to issue various writs (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto) to protect these rights.
Which set of Articles guarantees the Right to Equality?
Hint: This right ensures equal treatment and prohibits discrimination.
Answer
The Right to Equality is guaranteed under Articles 14-18.
Explanation
Articles 14 to 18 collectively form the Right to Equality. They cover various aspects such as equality before the law (Article 14), prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15), equality of opportunity in public employment (Article 16), abolition of untouchability (Article 17), and abolition of titles (Article 18).
Which Article of the Constitution prohibits human trafficking and forced labor?
Hint: This is part of the 'Right against Exploitation'.
Answer
Article 23 prohibits human trafficking and forced labor.
Explanation
Article 23 is a key component of the Right against Exploitation. It explicitly bans human trafficking (begar and other similar forms of forced labor), making such practices punishable offenses. This article aims to protect individuals from various forms of exploitation, ensuring their dignity and freedom.
What does Article 21A, added by the 86th Amendment, guarantee?
Hint: This was originally a Directive Principle of State Policy.
Answer
Article 21A guarantees the Right to free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 years.
Explanation
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 inserted Article 21A into the Constitution, making the Right to Education a Fundamental Right. It mandates that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of six and fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.
Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) primarily protect the interests of which group?
Hint: These rights allow certain groups to preserve their distinct identity.
Answer
Cultural and Educational Rights primarily protect the interests of minority communities.
Explanation
Articles 29 and 30 are specifically designed to protect the cultural and educational rights of minority communities. Article 29 ensures that minorities have the right to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture, while Article 30 grants them the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Which of the following is NOT a valid ground for reasonable restriction on Fundamental Rights?
Hint: Restrictions must be based on legitimate state interests, not arbitrary reasons.
Answer
Personal preference of the government is NOT a valid ground for reasonable restriction on Fundamental Rights.
Explanation
Fundamental Rights are not absolute and can be subject to reasonable restrictions. The Constitution specifies grounds like national security, public order, morality, and foreign relations for imposing such restrictions. However, these restrictions must be reasonable and cannot be based on the arbitrary 'personal preference of the government', ensuring that the state's power to restrict rights is not misused.
Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution based on the recommendations of which country's constitution?
Hint: This country's model influenced the inclusion of citizens' responsibilities.
Answer
Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution based on the Soviet Constitution.
Explanation
The concept of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution was inspired by the Constitution of the erstwhile Soviet Union (USSR). These duties were added to emphasize that citizens, in addition to enjoying rights, also have certain responsibilities towards the nation.
How many Fundamental Duties are currently listed under Article 51A of the Constitution?
Hint: One duty was added later to the original list.
Answer
There are currently 11 Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A of the Constitution.
Explanation
Initially, 10 Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. Later, the 86th Amendment Act of 2002 added an eleventh duty, which mandates parents or guardians to provide opportunities for education to their child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years, bringing the total to 11.
Which of the following is a key difference between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties?
Hint: Consider the primary purpose and focus of each category.
Answer
Fundamental Rights protect individuals from state overreach, while Fundamental Duties ensure citizens contribute to society.
Explanation
Fundamental Rights are legally guaranteed civil liberties that protect individuals against arbitrary state action, making them justiciable. Fundamental Duties, on the other hand, are moral and civic responsibilities of citizens, encouraging them to uphold the nation's ideals and contribute to its welfare, but they are non-justiciable.
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enshrined in which Part of the Constitution?
Hint: This part guides the state in policy-making for a welfare state.
Answer
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution (Articles 36-51).
Explanation
Part IV of the Indian Constitution, covering Articles 36 to 51, contains the Directive Principles of State Policy. These principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and serve as guidelines for the state to establish a welfare state by promoting social and economic justice.
DPSP are primarily aimed at establishing what kind of state?
Hint: These principles guide the government towards improving the well-being of its citizens.
Answer
DPSP are primarily aimed at establishing a welfare state where social, economic, and political justice prevails.
Explanation
The main purpose of the Directive Principles of State Policy is to establish a welfare state in India. They aim to achieve social and economic democracy by guiding the government to formulate policies that ensure justice, reduce inequality, promote public health, education, and overall societal well-being.
Which Article among the DPSP relates to the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) for all citizens?
Hint: This principle aims for common laws governing personal matters for all communities.
Answer
Article 44 of the DPSP relates to the Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
Explanation
Article 44 states that 'The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India.' This DPSP aims to replace diverse personal laws based on religion with a common set of laws governing matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption, promoting national integration and equality.
Unlike Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are:
Hint: Think about whether you can sue the government for not implementing a DPSP.
Answer
DPSP are non-enforceable by courts but are fundamental in the governance of the country.
Explanation
A key characteristic of DPSP is their non-justiciable nature, meaning they cannot be enforced by any court. However, Article 37 explicitly states that 'the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.'
Which landmark Supreme Court case emphasized that Fundamental Rights and DPSP must be balanced and form the 'conscience of the Constitution'?
Hint: This case further clarified the relationship between these two constitutional parts after the Basic Structure Doctrine.
Answer
The Minerva Mills Case (1980) stated that Fundamental Rights and DPSP must be balanced.
Explanation
In the Minerva Mills Case (1980), the Supreme Court held that the harmony and balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy is an essential feature of the basic structure of the Constitution. It clarified that one cannot be sacrificed for the other, and they are complementary to each other, forming the 'conscience of the Constitution'.
Which Article of the Constitution mandates the existence of a President of India as the head of state?
Hint: This article defines the highest executive office.
Answer
Article 52 mandates the existence of a President of India as the head of state.
Explanation
Article 52 is the foundational article for the President of India, stating that 'There shall be a President of India.' This establishes the President as the constitutional head of the Union Executive, signifying India's republican character.
In the Indian parliamentary system, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to which body?
Hint: This reflects the democratic accountability of the government to the directly elected representatives of the people.
Answer
The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
Explanation
The principle of collective responsibility is a cornerstone of the Indian parliamentary system. It means that the entire Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, is accountable to the Lok Sabha (House of the People). If the Lok Sabha passes a no-confidence motion against the government, the entire Council of Ministers must resign.
Who serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?
Hint: This role is one of the primary functions of this constitutional office.
Answer
The Vice-President of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Explanation
The Vice-President of India holds a dual role. Besides being the second-highest constitutional office, they also serve as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), presiding over its sessions and maintaining order.
What is the primary role of the Prime Minister in the Indian government?
Hint: This individual holds real executive power.
Answer
The primary role of the Prime Minister is to be the head of the government and lead the Council of Ministers.
Explanation
While the President is the constitutional head of state, the Prime Minister is the real executive authority and the head of government. The PM leads the Council of Ministers, formulates policies, and plays a central role in administration, policy-making, and law-making in Parliament.
Which Article vests the executive power of the Union in the President?
Hint: This article follows the one establishing the President's office.
Answer
Article 53 vests the executive power of the Union in the President.
Explanation
Article 53(1) states that 'The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution.' This article formally designates the President as the chief executive authority.
The Indian governance system follows the principle of separation of powers. What is the primary role of the Judiciary?
Hint: This branch acts as the guardian of the Constitution.
Answer
The primary role of the Judiciary is to interpret laws and ensure justice.
Explanation
In the system of separation of powers, the Judiciary is responsible for interpreting the laws passed by the Legislature and implemented by the Executive. It ensures that laws are applied fairly, protects citizens' rights, and upholds the supremacy of the Constitution through mechanisms like judicial review.
The Charter Act of 1833 made the Governor-General of Bengal the Governor-General of India. Who was the first holder of this new position?
Hint: This act centralized British rule in India.
Answer
Lord William Bentinck was the first Governor-General of India.
Explanation
The Charter Act of 1833 was a significant step towards the centralization of British administration in India. It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India, and Lord William Bentinck became the first to hold this unified position, consolidating British authority over the entire Indian territory under their control.
Which Act introduced competitive exams for the Indian Civil Services (ICS), allowing Indians to join the administration?
Hint: This act opened up administrative positions to Indians.
Answer
The Charter Act of 1853 introduced competitive exams for the Indian Civil Services (ICS).
Explanation
The Charter Act of 1853 was the last of the Charter Acts passed by the British Parliament. It introduced an open competition system for the recruitment of civil servants for the East India Company's administration, effectively ending the patronage system and theoretically allowing Indians to compete for these positions for the first time.
The Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act, 1909) are significant for introducing which controversial electoral provision?
Hint: This policy aimed to divide the electorate along religious lines.
Answer
The Morley-Minto Reforms introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
Explanation
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 are notorious for introducing the system of separate electorates for Muslims. This meant that Muslim members were to be elected only by Muslim voters, a policy that significantly contributed to communal politics and eventually the partition of India.
Which freedom is NOT explicitly listed under Article 19 (Six Freedoms) of the Indian Constitution?
Hint: Article 19 deals with specific liberties related to movement, speech, assembly, association, residence, and profession.
Answer
Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention is NOT explicitly listed under Article 19; it is covered under Article 22.
Explanation
Article 19 guarantees six specific freedoms: speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession. Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention is a part of the Right to Freedom but is specifically addressed under Article 22, which provides safeguards against arbitrary arrest and detention.
Which Article includes the 'Right to Life and Personal Liberty' and is considered the 'Most important fundamental right'?
Hint: This article has a broad interpretation by the judiciary.
Answer
Article 21 includes the 'Right to Life and Personal Liberty'.
Explanation
Article 21 states that 'No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.' The Supreme Court has given a very expansive interpretation to this article, including within its ambit rights such as the right to live with human dignity, right to a clean environment, right to privacy, and even the right to die with dignity (passive euthanasia).
Which of the following is NOT a Fundamental Duty listed under Article 51A?
Hint: Fundamental Duties are more about moral and civic responsibilities rather than specific financial obligations.
Answer
To pay taxes regularly is NOT explicitly listed as a Fundamental Duty.
Explanation
While paying taxes is a legal obligation of citizens, it is not enumerated as one of the Fundamental Duties in Article 51A. The Fundamental Duties focus on promoting national unity, protecting public property, cherishing noble ideals, developing scientific temper, and respecting the Constitution, among others.
Which category of DPSP aims to establish socio-economic justice and eliminate poverty?
Hint: These principles reflect the ideal of a welfare state.
Answer
Socialistic Principles aim to establish socio-economic justice and eliminate poverty.
Explanation
The Socialistic Principles among the DPSP are designed to promote social and economic justice. They include provisions like promoting the welfare of the people (Article 38), securing equal pay for equal work and adequate livelihood (Article 39), and providing the right to work, education, and public assistance (Article 41).
Which of the following Articles, falling under Gandhian Principles, focuses on the establishment of Village Panchayats?
Hint: This reflects the idea of local self-governance.
Answer
Article 40 focuses on the establishment of Village Panchayats.
Explanation
Article 40 states that 'The State shall take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.' This DPSP embodies Mahatma Gandhi's vision of village self-rule and was later given constitutional status through the 73rd Amendment Act.
What is the term of office for the President of India?
Hint: This is a fixed term, ensuring stability in the highest office.
Answer
The President of India is elected for a five-year term.
Explanation
As per Article 56 of the Constitution, the President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. This fixed term ensures stability and continuity in the functioning of the head of state.
Which of the following is NOT an Executive Power of the President of India?
Hint: Executive powers relate to administration and appointments, while legislative powers involve law-making.
Answer
Making laws through ordinances when Parliament is not in session is a Legislative Power, not an Executive Power, of the President.
Explanation
The President's powers are categorized into various types. Appointing the Prime Minister, judges, and being the supreme commander are executive functions. However, the power to promulgate ordinances (Article 123) is a legislative power, exercised when both Houses of Parliament are not in session, allowing the President to make temporary laws.
What is the primary objective of the principle of 'Separation of Powers' in the Indian Constitution?
Hint: This principle divides governmental functions among different branches.
Answer
The primary objective of the principle of 'Separation of Powers' is to ensure that no single entity becomes too powerful and to maintain democratic balance.
Explanation
The principle of separation of powers divides governmental functions into three distinct branches: the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary. Its core purpose is to prevent the concentration of power in any one branch, thereby establishing a system of checks and balances that safeguards liberty and maintains the democratic framework of the state.
When the Preamble states that India is 'Sovereign', what does it imply?
Hint: Think about the nation's autonomy in its internal and external affairs.
Answer
When the Preamble states that India is 'Sovereign', it implies that India is fully independent and not controlled by any foreign power.
Explanation
The term 'Sovereign' means that India is an independent state, free from any external control or influence. It has the supreme authority to make its own internal and external decisions, conducting its foreign policy independently without being subject to the will of any other nation.
The term 'Socialist' in the Preamble, added by the 42nd Amendment, aims for what kind of state?
Hint: Consider India's approach to economic development and social justice.
Answer
The term 'Socialist' aims for a welfare state ensuring economic and social equality, rather than complete state control over the economy.
Explanation
India's 'Socialist' commitment, as articulated in the Preamble, leans towards democratic socialism. This implies a mixed economy where both public and private sectors coexist, with the state playing a significant role in reducing income disparities, ensuring social justice, and promoting the welfare of its citizens through various schemes and policies, rather than outright nationalization of all means of production.
Which writ is issued by a court to prevent illegal detention, commanding the detaining authority to produce the arrested person before the court?
Hint: The Latin term for this writ means 'you may have the body'.
Answer
Habeas Corpus is the writ issued to prevent illegal detention.
Explanation
Habeas Corpus is a powerful writ that literally means 'to have the body of'. It is issued by a court to a person who has another in custody, commanding them to bring the prisoner before the court to determine if the detention is lawful. It is a crucial safeguard against arbitrary arrest and detention, ensuring individual liberty.
The Government of India Act, 1935, proposed a 'Federation of India' but it was never implemented. What was a key feature of this Act that was implemented at the provincial level?
Hint: This granted Indian ministers more control over provincial administration.
Answer
A key feature of the Government of India Act, 1935, that was implemented at the provincial level was Provincial Autonomy.
Explanation
The Government of India Act, 1935, was a comprehensive and lengthy act. While the proposed All-India Federation never materialized, the Act introduced Provincial Autonomy, granting Indian ministers full control over provincial administration, thereby ending Dyarchy in the provinces. This was a significant step towards self-governance at the provincial level.
The 86th Amendment (2002) added which Fundamental Duty to Article 51A?
Hint: This duty is related to a child's fundamental right.
Answer
The 86th Amendment (2002) added the Fundamental Duty to provide opportunities for education to children between 6-14 years.
Explanation
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, was pivotal in the field of education. It made elementary education a Fundamental Right (Article 21A) and simultaneously added a new Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(k)) which states that it is the duty of every citizen who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
Which of the following describes the relationship between Fundamental Rights and DPSP as per the Supreme Court's current stance?
Hint: This is a harmonious interpretation that evolved through various judgments.
Answer
The Supreme Court now follows the principle that DPSP should complement Fundamental Rights, and a balance must be maintained.
Explanation
After initial conflicts and landmark cases like Golaknath and Keshavananda Bharati, the Supreme Court, particularly in the Minerva Mills case, established the principle of harmony and balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSP. The current stance is that they are not antithetical but complementary, forming an integrated scheme, and the state should strive to achieve the goals of DPSP without abrogating or diluting Fundamental Rights, especially those forming part of the basic structure.
The Indian Constitution is known for being the 'Lengthiest Written Constitution' in the world. Originally, how many Articles, Parts, and Schedules did it have?
Hint: This reflects its comprehensive nature at the time of its adoption.
Answer
The Indian Constitution originally had 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 8 Schedules.
Explanation
At the time of its adoption on November 26, 1949, the Indian Constitution was indeed the longest written constitution, consisting of 395 Articles divided into 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. Over time, through various amendments, the numbers have expanded to approximately 470 Articles, 25 Parts, and 12 Schedules, but the original count is significant to understand its foundational structure.
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