12 CBSE NCERT Political Science
The Crisis of Democratic Order
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Theme Analysis
Main ThemeThe Emergency in India (1975-1977) and its impact on Indian democracy
Subject CategoryPolitical Science / History
Key Concepts
Question FocusThe questions focus on the causes, events, consequences, and lessons of the 1975 Emergency in India. They cover the interplay between political, economic, and judicial factors, key figures, social movements, and constitutional aspects. The difficulty is mixed, and Bloom's levels emphasize understanding, application, analysis, and evaluation.
Which of the following was the primary perceived threat that led to the imposition of the Emergency in June 1975?
Hint: Consider the specific justification mentioned for this particular Emergency, distinguishing it from typical reasons.
Answer
The Emergency in June 1975 was imposed due to the perceived threat of internal disturbance, as explicitly stated in the document.
Explanation
The document states that this 'emergency' was imposed because of the perceived threat of internal disturbance, distinguishing it from emergencies typically associated with war, aggression, or natural disaster.
Under which Article of the Constitution did the government invoke its powers to declare a state of emergency in June 1975?
Hint: Recall the specific constitutional article mentioned for national emergency declarations.
Answer
The government invoked Article 352 of the Constitution to declare the state of emergency.
Explanation
On June 25, 1975, the government declared a state of emergency by invoking Article 352 of the Constitution, which allows for such a declaration on grounds of external threat or internal disturbances.
Which of the following economic conditions contributed significantly to the widespread dissatisfaction in India prior to the Emergency?
Hint: Think about the general economic state of the country, including prices and job availability.
Answer
The period before the Emergency was marked by high inflation (prices increased by 23% in 1973 and 30% in 1974), low industrial growth, and very high unemployment, particularly in rural areas. Failed monsoons further exacerbated agricultural decline.
Explanation
The economic context section details that after 1971-72, the Bangladesh crisis, increased international oil prices, high inflation (23% in 1973, 30% in 1974), low industrial growth, high unemployment, and failed monsoons (1972-73) all led to widespread dissatisfaction.
The relationship between the government and the judiciary became strained prior to the Emergency due to the Supreme Court's stance on which of the following issues?
Hint: Consider the core disagreement regarding the legality of government actions.
Answer
The Supreme Court found many initiatives of the government to be violative of the Constitution, which led to tensions.
Explanation
The document states that 'The Supreme Court found many initiatives of the government to be violative of the Constitution,' and the Congress party viewed this as being 'against principles of democracy and parliamentary supremacy,' alleging the Court was an 'obstacle in the way of implementing pro-poor welfare programmes.'
The famous Kesavananda Bharati Case is known for the Supreme Court's decision that:
Hint: Recall the landmark concept introduced by this case regarding the Constitution's fundamental identity.
Answer
In the Kesavananda Bharati Case, the Supreme Court ruled that there are some basic features of the Constitution that the Parliament cannot amend.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that in the Kesavananda Bharati Case, 'the Court gave a decision that there are some basic features of the Constitution and the Parliament cannot amend these features,' which culminated the crisis between the government and the judiciary.
What controversial decision did the government make in 1973 regarding the appointment of the Chief Justice of India?
Hint: Think about the established practice for appointing the Chief Justice and how the government's action deviated from it.
Answer
In 1973, the government set aside the seniority of three judges and appointed Justice A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India, a move that was politically controversial because the superseded judges had ruled against the government.
Explanation
The document notes that 'It had been a practice to appoint the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court as the Chief Justice. But in 1973, the government set aside the seniority of three judges and appointed Justice A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India.' This was controversial because the superseded judges had given rulings against the government's stand.
Who was invited to lead the student movement in Bihar in March 1974, eventually giving a call for 'Total Revolution'?
Hint: Recall the prominent social worker and political figure who emerged as a key opposition leader during this period.
Answer
Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) was invited to lead the student movement in Bihar and subsequently gave a call for 'Total Revolution'.
Explanation
In March 1974, students in Bihar invited Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) to lead their movement, which he accepted on conditions of non-violence and national scope. He then 'gave a call for total revolution in the social, economic and political spheres.'
The student protests in Gujarat and Bihar primarily agitated against which of the following issues?
Hint: Think about the common grievances people faced due to the economic context and governance issues.
Answer
Both the Gujarat and Bihar movements were sparked by protests against rising prices of essential commodities, food scarcity, unemployment, and corruption.
Explanation
Students in Gujarat agitated against 'rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities, and against corruption in high places.' Similarly, students in Bihar protested against 'rising prices, food scarcity, unemployment and corruption.'
Who led the National Coordination Committee for Railwaymen's Struggle, which called for a nationwide railway strike in May 1974?
Hint: Recall the name of the prominent trade union leader associated with this significant industrial action.
Answer
George Fernandes led the National Coordination Committee for Railwaymen's Struggle.
Explanation
The text states: 'The National Coordination Committee for Railwaymen’s Struggle led by George Fernandes gave a call for nationwide strike by all employees of the Railways for pressing their demands related to bonus and service conditions.'
The nationwide railway strike of May 1974 had the potential to severely impact the country's economy because:
Hint: Consider the primary function of railways in a large country's economic infrastructure.
Answer
The railway strike threatened to paralyze the country because the economy relies heavily on trains for transporting goods.
Explanation
The document explains, 'What would happen when the railways stop running? ... the economy of the country would come to a halt because goods are transported from one part to another by trains.' The strike 'threatened to paralyse the country.'
On June 12, 1975, the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment declaring whose election to the Lok Sabha invalid?
Hint: Recall the key political figure whose election was challenged right before the Emergency.
Answer
The Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha invalid.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha invalid.'
Following the Allahabad High Court's judgment on June 12, 1975, what was the immediate legal implication for Indira Gandhi, prior to any Supreme Court intervention?
Hint: Consider the direct consequence of an election being declared invalid for a sitting Member of Parliament and head of government.
Answer
The judgment meant that legally, Indira Gandhi was no longer an MP and could not remain Prime Minister unless she was re-elected within six months.
Explanation
The document clarifies: 'The judgment of the High Court meant that legally she was no more an MP and therefore, could not remain the Prime Minister unless she was once again elected as an MP within six months.'
What controversial appeal did Jayaprakash Narayan make to the army, police, and government employees during the massive demonstration on June 25, 1975?
Hint: Recall the nature of his 'Total Revolution' call and his stance against the government.
Answer
Jayaprakash Narayan asked the army, the police, and government employees not to obey 'illegal and immoral orders'.
Explanation
During the demonstration on June 25, 1975, Jayaprakash Narayan 'announced a nationwide satyagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey “illegal and immoral orders”.'
Who was the President of India who issued the proclamation of Emergency immediately after the Prime Minister's recommendation on the night of June 25, 1975?
Hint: Recall the name of the head of state during the declaration of the Emergency.
Answer
President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed issued the proclamation of Emergency.
Explanation
The text states: 'On the night of 25 June 1975, the Prime Minister recommended the imposition of Emergency to President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. He issued the proclamation immediately.'
Which of the following was among the immediate actions taken by the government after the declaration of Emergency on the night of June 25, 1975?
Hint: Think about the first steps taken to control information and dissent.
Answer
After midnight on June 25, the electricity to all major newspaper offices was disconnected, and a large number of opposition leaders were arrested.
Explanation
The document describes the sequence: 'After midnight, the electricity to all the major newspaper offices was disconnected. In the early morning, a large number of leaders and workers of the opposition parties were arrested. The Cabinet was informed about it at a special meeting at 6 a.m. on 26 June, after all this had taken place.'
The imposition of 'press censorship' during the Emergency meant that:
Hint: Consider what 'censorship' implies for the freedom of expression and publication.
Answer
Press censorship required newspapers to get prior approval for all material to be published.
Explanation
The text explicitly defines press censorship: 'Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all material to be published. This is known as press censorship.'
What was the most significant impact of the Emergency provisions on the Fundamental Rights of citizens?
Hint: Think about the general principle of civil liberties during an emergency declared on internal grounds.
Answer
During the Emergency, the various Fundamental Rights of citizens stood suspended, including their right to move the Court for restoring these rights.
Explanation
The document highlights: 'Most importantly, under the provisions of Emergency, the various Fundamental Rights of citizens stood suspended, including the right of citizens to move the Court for restoring their Fundamental Rights.'
The Supreme Court's ruling in April 1976, which overruled several High Courts, had a profound effect on citizens' rights during the Emergency by:
Hint: Consider the ultimate outcome of the legal battle over habeas corpus and its implications for individual freedoms.
Answer
The Supreme Court overruled the High Courts and accepted the government's plea, meaning that during Emergency, the government could take away the citizen's right to life and liberty.
Explanation
The text describes this as 'one of the most controversial judgments of the Supreme Court,' stating: 'In April 1976, the constitution bench of the Supreme Court over-ruled the High Courts and accepted the government’s plea. It meant that during Emergency the government could take away the citizen’s right to life and liberty.'
During the Emergency, the government made extensive use of 'preventive detention,' which means people were arrested and detained:
Hint: Think about the purpose of 'preventive' measures in law enforcement.
Answer
Preventive detention allows for arrest and detention based on the apprehension that a person may commit an offense, rather than for an offense already committed.
Explanation
The document defines preventive detention: 'Under this provision, people are arrested and detained not because they have committed any offence, but on the apprehension that they may commit an offence. Using preventive detention acts, the government made large scale arrests during the Emergency.'
Which two organizations were banned by the government during the Emergency, apprehending social and communal disharmony?
Hint: Recall the specific organizations mentioned as being prohibited during the Emergency.
Answer
The government banned Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Jamait-e-Islami.
Explanation
The text states: 'Apprehending social and communal disharmony, the government banned Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Jamait-e-Islami.'
How did some newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protest against press censorship during the Emergency?
Hint: Consider a subtle, yet visible, way to demonstrate that content was missing due to government intervention.
Answer
These newspapers protested censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored, visually highlighting the lack of press freedom.
Explanation
The document mentions: 'Newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored.'
One significant change introduced by the Forty-second Amendment during the Emergency was the extension of the duration of legislatures in the country from:
Hint: Recall the specific change made to the term length of parliamentary bodies.
Answer
The 42nd Amendment extended the duration of legislatures from five to six years.
Explanation
Among the various changes made by the Forty-second Amendment, 'one was that the duration of the legislatures in the country was extended from five to six years. This change was not only for the Emergency period, but was intended to be of a permanent nature.'
The Lok Sabha elections of 1977 are widely considered a 'referendum' on the experience of the Emergency because:
Hint: Think about the central theme of the opposition's campaign and the public sentiment at the time.
Answer
The opposition fought the 1977 election on the slogan of 'save democracy', making it a direct vote on the government's actions during the Emergency.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'The 1977 elections turned into a referendum on the experience of the Emergency, at least in north India where the impact of the Emergency was felt most strongly. The opposition fought the election on the slogan of ‘save democracy’.'
On the eve of the 1977 Lok Sabha elections, major opposition parties came together to form a new political entity known as the:
Hint: Recall the name of the unified opposition party that challenged the Congress after the Emergency.
Answer
The major opposition parties formed the Janata Party to contest the 1977 elections.
Explanation
The document states: 'Now they came together on the eve of the elections and formed a new party, known as the Janata Party. The new party accepted the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan.'
What was the unprecedented outcome for the Congress party in the 1977 Lok Sabha elections?
Hint: Consider the historical significance of the 1977 results for the ruling party.
Answer
For the first time since Independence, the Congress party was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections in 1977.
Explanation
The text emphasizes the historic nature of the 1977 results: 'For the first time since Independence, the Congress party was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections. The Congress could win only 154 seats in the Lok Sabha.'
Why did the Congress party perform relatively better in the southern states compared to the northern states in the 1977 Lok Sabha elections?
Hint: Think about the geographical distribution of the Emergency's direct consequences.
Answer
The impact of the Emergency, including forced relocations and sterilizations, was mostly concentrated in the northern states, leading to a stronger anti-Congress wave there.
Explanation
The document explains: 'To begin with, the impact of Emergency was not felt equally in all the States. The forced relocation and displacements, the forced sterilisations, were mostly concentrated in the northern States. But more importantly, north India had experienced some long term changes in the nature of political competition.'
What crucial lesson about democratic politics was learned from the experience of the Janata Party government between 1977 and 1980?
Hint: Consider why the Janata Party government failed and what message voters sent in the subsequent election.
Answer
The instability and internal conflicts of the Janata Party government led to its defeat in 1980, teaching that voters punish governments seen as unstable and quarrelsome.
Explanation
The text concludes this section by stating: 'The experience of 1977–79 taught another lesson in democratic politics: governments that are seen to be unstable and quarrelsome are severely punished by the voters.'
Who became the first Prime Minister belonging to a non-Congress party after the 1977 Lok Sabha elections?
Hint: Recall the prominent leader of Congress (O) who rivaled Indira Gandhi and became the head of the Janata government.
Answer
Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister after the Janata Party's victory in 1977, making him the first non-Congress PM.
Explanation
The biographical note for Morarji Desai states: 'Prime Minister from 1977 to 1979—first Prime Minister belonging to a non-Congress party.' The text also confirms, 'Eventually Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister.'
The primary reason for the collapse of the Janata Party government in less than 28 months was:
Hint: Think about the challenges faced by a newly formed coalition of diverse opposition parties.
Answer
The Janata Party government collapsed due to internal faction fights, a lack of direction, leadership, and a common program.
Explanation
The text states: 'Its critics felt that the Janata Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common programme. The Janata Party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by the Congress. The Janata Party split and the government which was led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 28 months.'
What was the outcome of the fresh Lok Sabha elections held in January 1980?
Hint: Recall the political landscape after the collapse of the Janata government.
Answer
In the January 1980 elections, the Congress party led by Indira Gandhi won 353 seats and came back to power.
Explanation
The document states: 'Fresh Lok Sabha elections were held in January 1980 in which the Janata Party suffered a comprehensive defeat... Congress party led by Indira Gandhi nearly repeated its great victory in 1971. It won 353 seats and came back to power.'
How did the character of the Congress party change dramatically after 1969, as described in the text?
Hint: Consider how the party's broad appeal shifted towards a more specific identity and leadership focus.
Answer
After 1969, the Congress party shed its traditional 'umbrella' character, identifying itself with a particular ideology as the sole socialist and pro-poor party, and its success became dependent on sharp social/ideological divisions and Indira Gandhi's appeal.
Explanation
The text explains: 'Since 1969, the Congress party had starting shedding its character as an umbrella party... The Congress party now identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party. Thus with the early nineteen seventies, the Congress’s political success depended on attracting people on the basis of sharp social and ideological divisions and the appeal of one leader, Indira Gandhi.'
In Indian politics, what did the term 'non-Congressism' primarily refer to after the early 1970s?
Hint: Think about the common goal of parties opposed to the dominant Congress.
Answer
Non-Congressism referred to the strategy of opposition parties to unite and avoid splitting the anti-Congress vote, a factor that played a major role in the 1977 elections.
Explanation
The document notes: 'With the change in the nature of the Congress party, other opposition parties relied more and more on what is known in Indian politics as ‘non-Congressism’. They also realised the need to avoid a division of non-Congress votes in the election. This factor played a major role in the elections of 1977.'
Following the 1977 elections, what new political issue began to dominate politics, particularly in the northern states?
Hint: Consider the demographic group whose political alignment shifted in the 1977 elections and its subsequent importance.
Answer
After 1977, the issue of welfare for the backward castes began to dominate politics, reflected in the shift of these castes away from Congress.
Explanation
The text states: 'In an indirect manner the issue of welfare of the backward castes also began to dominate politics since 1977. As we saw above, the results of 1977 elections were at least partly due to a shift among the backward castes of north India.'
Which commission was appointed by the Janata Party government at the center to address the issue of reservations for 'other backward classes'?
Hint: Recall the name of the commission specifically linked to backward caste reservations.
Answer
The Mandal Commission was appointed by the Janata Party government to address reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
Explanation
The document states: 'The issue of reservations for ‘other backward classes’ became very controversial in Bihar and following this, the Mandal Commission was appointed by the Janata Party government at the centre.'
The Emergency period is described as a 'constitutional crisis' primarily because it stemmed from:
Hint: Think about the foundational legal conflicts that preceded the Emergency declaration.
Answer
The Emergency's origins lie in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the Parliament and the judiciary, particularly concerning the power to amend fundamental rights and the basic structure.
Explanation
The text explains: 'The Emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crisis because it had its origins in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the Parliament and the judiciary.'
The Emergency period is also described as a 'political crisis' because:
Hint: Consider the actions of the ruling government in relation to democratic norms, even with its strong mandate.
Answer
It was a political crisis because the ruling party, despite having an absolute majority, chose to suspend the democratic process and abuse extraordinary powers.
Explanation
The document states: 'On the other hand, it was also a period of political crisis. The party in power had absolute majority and yet, its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process... These [extraordinary powers] were abused during the Emergency. This political crisis was more serious than the constitutional crisis.'
After the Emergency, what significant change was made to the grounds for proclaiming an 'internal' Emergency?
Hint: Recall the more stringent condition introduced for future internal emergencies.
Answer
The Constitution was rectified to state that 'internal' Emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of 'armed rebellion', not mere 'internal disturbance'.
Explanation
The text mentions lessons learned: 'Secondly, it brought out some ambiguities regarding the Emergency provision in the Constitution that have been rectified since. Now, ‘internal’ Emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’.'
Another rectification made to the Emergency provision in the Constitution after 1975-77 was that the advice to the President to proclaim Emergency must be given:
Hint: Consider the procedural change introduced to prevent unilateral declarations.
Answer
Post-Emergency, it became necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim Emergency must be given in writing by the Union Cabinet.
Explanation
The document states: 'it is necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim Emergency must be given in writing by the Union Cabinet.'
Despite its controversial nature, what was one significant positive lesson derived from the Emergency for India's democracy?
Hint: Think about the long-term impact on public consciousness and the resilience of democratic institutions.
Answer
The Emergency made everyone more aware of the value of civil liberties, and the subsequent public verdict in 1977 strengthened the foundations of democracy.
Explanation
The text notes: 'Thirdly, the Emergency made everyone more aware of the value of civil liberties. The Courts too, have taken an active role after the Emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individuals.' And, 'In this sense the experience of 1975–77 ended up strengthening the foundations of democracy in India.'
The Emergency period highlighted a tension between 'institution-based democracy' and 'democracy based on spontaneous popular participation.' This tension primarily refers to:
Hint: Consider the two forms of democratic expression that were in conflict during the pre-Emergency and Emergency periods.
Answer
This tension highlights the challenge of balancing the functioning of formal democratic institutions (like Parliament and judiciary) with the exercise of popular will through mass protests and agitations.
Explanation
The document discusses this: 'Another critical issue that emerged during this period was the role and extent of mass protests in a parliamentary democracy. There was clearly a tension between institution-based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation. This tension may be attributed to the inability of the party system to incorporate the aspirations of the people.'
According to the Shah Commission Report, what was a significant finding regarding the administration and police during the Emergency?
Hint: Recall the criticism leveled against the functioning of state machinery during the Emergency.
Answer
The Shah Commission Report found that the administration and police were turned into political instruments of the ruling party and became vulnerable to political pressures.
Explanation
The text states: 'According to the Shah Commission Report, the administration and the police became vulnerable to political pressures. This problem did not vanish after the Emergency.'
What popular slogan did the Congress party give in the elections of 1971?
Hint: Recall the famous poverty alleviation slogan associated with Indira Gandhi's election campaign.
Answer
In the elections of 1971, Congress had given the slogan of garibi hatao (remove poverty).
Explanation
The 'Economic context' section mentions: 'In the elections of 1971, Congress had given the slogan of garibi hatao (remove poverty).'
After the 1971 war with Pakistan, which government stopped all aid to India?
Hint: Recall the specific country mentioned that withdrew aid following the conflict.
Answer
After the war, the U.S. government stopped all aid to India.
Explanation
The 'Economic context' section states: 'After the war the U.S government stopped all aid to India.'
The long-drawn conflict between the Parliament and the judiciary prior to the Emergency centered on the question of whether Parliament could:
Hint: Think about the core legal powers being debated regarding the Constitution's supreme principles.
Answer
The conflict focused on whether Parliament could abridge Fundamental Rights or amend the Constitution in a way that curtailed rights, a stance the Supreme Court rejected.
Explanation
The 'Conflict with Judiciary' section highlights three constitutional issues: 'Can the Parliament abridge Fundamental Rights? The Supreme Court said it cannot. Secondly, can the Parliament curtail the right to property by making an amendment? Again, the Court said that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in such a manner that rights are curtailed.'
In 1973, the government's appointment of Justice A. N. Ray as Chief Justice of India superseded the established practice of appointing the:
Hint: Recall the tradition based on tenure and experience within the Supreme Court.
Answer
The established practice was to appoint the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court as the Chief Justice.
Explanation
The text states: 'It had been a practice to appoint the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court as the Chief Justice. But in 1973, the government set aside the seniority of three judges and appointed Justice A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India.'
During the Emergency, if a citizen was arrested, they faced an extraordinary challenge in seeking legal recourse because:
Hint: Consider how the Emergency specifically curtailed judicial avenues for challenging arbitrary arrests.
Answer
The right to move the Court for restoring Fundamental Rights was suspended, and the Supreme Court's April 1976 ruling further closed the doors of judiciary for citizens challenging their detention.
Explanation
The document states: 'Most importantly, under the provisions of Emergency, the various Fundamental Rights of citizens stood suspended, including the right of citizens to move the Court for restoring their Fundamental Rights. Arrested political workers could not challenge their arrest through habeas corpus petitions.'
Jayaprakash Narayan's ideas and politics of mass agitations faced criticism for potentially being:
Hint: Consider the perspective of the ruling party regarding the nature of the opposition movements.
Answer
His agitations were criticized for being anti-Congress and driven by personal opposition to Indira Gandhi, rather than just opposing state governments.
Explanation
The text mentions: 'However, there were many criticisms about his ideas and about the politics of mass agitations that he was employing. Both the Gujarat and Bihar agitations were seen as anti-Congress and rather than opposing the State governments, they were seen as protests against the leadership of Indira Gandhi. She believed that the movement was motivated by personal opposition to her.'
The Emergency, according to the text, brought out both the weaknesses and the strengths of India's democracy. Which of the following represents a strength highlighted by the Emergency?
Hint: Think about the ultimate outcome regarding the continuation of democratic rule.
Answer
A key strength highlighted was that it is extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India, as normal democratic functioning resumed within a short span of time.
Explanation
The 'Lessons of the Emergency' section states: 'Though there are many observers who think that India ceased to be democratic during the Emergency, it is noteworthy that normal democratic functioning resumed within a short span of time. Thus, one lesson of Emergency is that it is extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India.'
The phrase 'The 1977 elections turned into a referendum on the experience of the Emergency' implies that:
Hint: Consider the meaning of a 'referendum' in a political context and how it relates to the central issue of the election.
Answer
The election was a direct popular judgment, where voters expressed their approval or disapproval of the government's actions during the Emergency through their votes.
Explanation
The text clearly states the 1977 elections 'turned into a referendum on the experience of the Emergency,' meaning the public's verdict was 'decisively against the Emergency.' This indicates that the election was primarily about assessing the government's performance during that controversial period.
D. K. Barooah, the President of the Congress in 1974, is famously associated with which slogan?
Hint: Recall the slogan that emphasized the personalization of power around Indira Gandhi.
Answer
D. K. Barooah is famously associated with the slogan 'Indira is India, India is Indira'.
Explanation
A callout box in the text directly attributes the slogan 'Indira is India, India is Indira' to 'D. K. Barooah, President of the Congress, 1974'.
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