12 CBSC NCERT Political Science
Regional Aspirations and National Integration in India
since Independence
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Theme Analysis
Main ThemeRegional Aspirations and National Integration in India since Independence
Subject CategoryPolitical Science
Key Concepts
Question FocusQuestions will focus on understanding the origins, nature, and resolution (or lack thereof) of regional aspirations in various parts of India, emphasizing the democratic and constitutional responses, and the overall lessons for national integration. Questions will cover direct recall (Remember) and conceptual understanding (Understand) across the specified case studies and general principles.
According to the text, nation-building in India is described as a process that is:
Hint: Consider how the text describes the timeline and nature of nation-building.
Answer
The text states, 'But nation-building is not something that can be accomplished once and for all times to come. In the course of time new challenges came up.' This indicates it's an ongoing process.
Explanation
Which decade is specifically mentioned as a period of rising regional aspirations and major conflicts/accords in India?
Hint: Look for the specific decade highlighted in the introduction of the chapter.
Answer
The text explicitly states, 'This new challenge came to the fore in the 1980s...' and '1980s may be seen as a period of rising regional aspirations for autonomy...'
Explanation
How did the Indian approach to diversity differ from many European countries, as described in the text?
Hint: Recall the core principle of Indian nationalism regarding cultural groups and regions.
Answer
The text states, 'Indian nationalism sought to balance the principles of unity and diversity... In this sense the Indian approach was very different from the one adopted in many European countries where they saw cultural diversity as a threat to the nation.'
Explanation
Which of the following was NOT among the major issues India had to cope with immediately after Independence, as mentioned in the text?
Hint: Review the list of challenges India faced right after gaining independence.
Answer
The text lists 'Partition, displacement, integration of Princely States, reorganisation of states' as difficult issues immediately after Independence. Global economic recession is not mentioned in this context.
Explanation
Why did many observers predict that India as one unified country could not last long after Independence?
Hint: Recall the initial challenges India faced after independence that led to such predictions.
Answer
The text states, 'Many observers, both within the country and from outside, had predicted that India as one unified country cannot last long. Soon after Independence, our nation had to cope with many difficult issues like Partition, displacement, integration of Princely States, reorganisation of states and so on.'
Explanation
What was the term used to describe the issue of regional aspiration among the people of Kashmir valley, emphasizing their identity above all?
Hint: The text introduces a specific term for the Kashmiri identity.
Answer
The text states, 'This issue of regional aspiration is known as Kashmiriyat.'
Explanation
Who led the popular movement in Jammu and Kashmir that wanted to get rid of the Maharaja but was against joining Pakistan?
Hint: Recall the leader of the National Conference in J&K mentioned in the text.
Answer
The text mentions, 'The popular movement in the State, led by Sheikh Abdullah of the National Conference, wanted to get rid of the Maharaja, but was against joining Pakistan.'
Explanation
Under which Article of the Indian Constitution did Jammu and Kashmir initially have a special status?
Hint: The specific article granting special status to J&K is mentioned.
Answer
The text explicitly states, 'Jammu and Kashmir had a special status under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.'
Explanation
What was one of the major grievances of Kashmiris regarding Article 370, as mentioned in the text?
Hint: Recall the internal concerns of Kashmiris regarding the practical application of Article 370.
Answer
The text lists three grievances, with the second being, 'there was a feeling that the special federal status guaranteed by Article 370, had been eroded in practice.'
Explanation
What significant event related to Jammu & Kashmir occurred on 5 August 2019?
Hint: Look for the most recent major development concerning J&K mentioned at the end of its section.
Answer
The text states, 'On 5 August 2019, Article 370 was abolished by the Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019 and the state was constituted into two Union Territories, viz., Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.'
Explanation
What was the popular slogan that summarized the sentiments of the Dravidian movement at one point?
Hint: Recall the specific slogan mentioned at the beginning of the Dravidian movement section.
Answer
The text directly quotes, '‘ Vadakku Vaazhgiradhu; Therkku Thaeikiradhu ’ [The north thrives even as the south decays]. This popular slogan sums up the dominant sentiments of one of India’s most effective regional movements, the Dravidian movement, at one point of time.'
Explanation
Unlike some other movements, how did the Dravidian movement primarily seek to achieve its goals?
Hint: Consider the methods the Dravidian movement employed to gain influence.
Answer
The text states, 'Though some sections of this movement had ambitions of creating a Dravida nation, the movement did not take to arms. It used democratic means like public debates and the electoral platform to achieve its ends.'
Explanation
Who was the leader under whom the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) was formed?
Hint: Recall the founder of the Dravidar Kazhagam.
Answer
The text states, 'The Dravidian movement led to the formation of Dravidar Kazhagam [DK] under the leadership of Tamil social reformer E.V. Ramasami ‘Periyar’.'
Explanation
What was a significant outcome of the anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 for the DMK?
Hint: Consider the political impact of the anti-Hindi agitation on the DMK.
Answer
The text states, 'The success of the anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 added to the DMK’s popularity. Sustained political agitations brought the DMK to power in the Assembly elections of 1967.'
Explanation
The regional politics in Tamil Nadu is presented as a good example of what concept?
Hint: Recall the final assessment of Tamil Nadu's regional politics in the text.
Answer
The text concludes the Dravidian movement section by stating, 'Initially seen as a threat to Indian nationalism, regional politics in Tamil Nadu is a good example of the compatibility of regionalism and nationalism.'
Explanation
When was the State of Punjab created after the agitation for a separate Punjabi-speaking state?
Hint: The year of Punjab's reorganization is explicitly mentioned.
Answer
The text states, 'This demand was finally accepted and the States of Punjab and Haryana were created in 1966.'
Explanation
Which political party, formed in 1920, led the movement for the formation of a 'Punjabi suba'?
Hint: Recall the specific political party associated with the Punjabi suba movement.
Answer
The text states, 'The Akali Dal, which was formed in 1920 as the political wing of the Sikhs, had led the movement for the formation of a ‘Punjabi suba’.'
Explanation
What was the primary demand of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution passed by a section of Akalis in 1973?
Hint: Focus on the key political objective articulated in the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.
Answer
The text states, 'This was reflected in a resolution passed at their conference at Anandpur Sahib in 1973. The Anandpur Sahib Resolution asserted regional autonomy and wanted to redefine centre-state relationship in the country.'
Explanation
What was the code name for the army action carried out by the Government of India in the Golden Temple in June 1984?
Hint: Recall the specific military operation mentioned in the context of the Golden Temple.
Answer
The text states, 'In June 1984, the Government of India carried out ‘Operation Blue Star’, code name for army action in the Golden Temple.'
Explanation
What tragic event followed Operation Blue Star, further complicating the Punjab problem?
Hint: Think about the major political assassination that occurred shortly after Operation Blue Star.
Answer
The text states, 'Still more tragic turn of events complicated the Punjab problem further. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 outside her residence by her bodyguards.'
Explanation
The agreement reached between Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal in July 1985 is known as the:
Hint: The accord is named after the two key figures who signed it.
Answer
The text states, 'This agreement, known as the Rajiv Gandhi - Longowal Accord or the Punjab Accord, was a step towards bringing normalcy to Punjab.'
Explanation
What was one of the key provisions of the Rajiv Gandhi - Longowal Accord regarding Chandigarh?
Hint: Recall the agreement's resolution for the status of Chandigarh.
Answer
The text states, 'It was agreed that Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab...' as part of the Accord.
Explanation
Which state was NOT initially part of the 'seven sisters' in the North-East region?
Hint: The text specifies which states are considered the 'seven sisters' and which one was added later.
Answer
The text states, 'Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram and Meghalaya, which earlier constituted the North-East region, are often called “the seven sisters”. Sikkim, which has been added to the list is – referred to as the ‘Brother’ to those seven states.'
Explanation
What was a significant impact of the Partition of India in 1947 on the North-East region?
Hint: Consider the geographical and economic consequences of Partition on the North-East.
Answer
The text states, 'The Partition of India in 1947 had reduced the North-East to a land locked region and affected its economy. Cut off from the rest of India, the region suffered neglect in developmental terms.'
Explanation
Which organization was formed by tribal communities in the North-East to demand a tribal state carved out of Assam?
Hint: Recall the name of the umbrella organization representing tribal demands in Assam.
Answer
The text states, 'They formed the Eastern India Tribal Union which later transformed into a more comprehensive All Party Hill Leaders Conference in 1960. They demanded a tribal State to be carved out of Assam.'
Explanation
How did the Central Government largely respond to the demands for autonomy in the North-East, particularly from Assam?
Hint: Consider the constitutional and administrative changes made in response to autonomy demands in the North-East.
Answer
The text explains, 'At different points of time the Central Government had to create Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh out of Assam. Tripura and Manipur were upgraded into States too. The reorganisation of the North-East was completed by 1972.'
Explanation
Who was the leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF) that started an armed campaign for independence in 1966?
Hint: Recall the specific leader associated with the Mizo National Front.
Answer
The text states, 'The Mizos’ anger led to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga. In 1966 the MNF started an armed campaign for independence.'
Explanation
What was the outcome of the peace agreement signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga in 1986 regarding Mizoram?
Hint: Consider the resolution that brought peace to Mizoram and the status it achieved.
Answer
The text states, 'In 1986 a peace agreement was signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga. As per this accord Mizoram was granted full-fledged statehood with special powers and the MNF agreed to give up secessionist struggle.'
Explanation
Which leader declared independence from India way back in 1951, leading the Naga National Council?
Hint: Recall the early leader of the Naga independence movement.
Answer
The text states, 'Led by Angami Zapu Phizo, a section of the Nagas declared independence from India way back in 1951.'
Explanation
What specific problem arose in the North-East due to large-scale migration?
Hint: Consider how the text describes the relationship between 'locals' and 'outsiders' due to migration.
Answer
The text states, 'The large scale migration into the North-East gave rise to a special kind of problem that pitted the ‘local’ communities against people who were seen as ‘outsiders’ or migrants. These latecomers... are seen as encroachers on scarce resources like land and potential competitors to employment opportunities and political power.'
Explanation
Which student group led the anti-foreigner movement in Assam from 1979 to 1985?
Hint: Recall the name of the student body that spearheaded the Assam Movement.
Answer
The text states, 'In 1979 the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), a students’ group not affiliated to any party, led an anti-foreigner movement.'
Explanation
What was the first elementary lesson drawn from the cases of regional aspirations, according to the text?
Hint: Consider the fundamental nature of regional aspirations in a democratic context.
Answer
The text states, 'First and the most elementary lesson is that regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not an aberration or an abnormal phenomenon. ... Nation building is an ongoing process.'
Explanation
According to the text, what is the best way to respond to regional aspirations?
Hint: Recall the second key lesson regarding the state's response to regional demands.
Answer
The text states, 'The second lesson is that the best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression.'
Explanation
Why is power sharing significant in dealing with regional aspirations?
Hint: Think about how inclusive governance helps address regional sentiments.
Answer
The text states, 'The third lesson is about the significance of power sharing. ...groups and parties from the region need to be given share in power at the State level. ...regions must have a share in deciding the destiny of the nation. If regions are not given a share in the national level decision making, the feeling of injustice and alienation can spread.'
Explanation
What economic factor is identified as contributing to the feeling of regional discrimination?
Hint: Consider how economic disparities between regions can fuel discontent.
Answer
The text states, 'The fourth lesson is that regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional discrimination.'
Explanation
What type of arrangement is the federal system adopted by India described as?
Hint: Recall the characteristic described for India's federal system in the context of diversity.
Answer
The text states, 'The federal system adopted by India is a flexible arrangement.' And later, 'the constitutional framework in India is much more flexible and accommodative.'
Explanation
What was Sikkim's status at the time of India's independence?
Hint: Recall the specific term used to describe Sikkim's pre-integration relationship with India.
Answer
The text states, 'At the time of independence, Sikkim was a ‘protectorate’ of India. It meant that while it was not a part of India, it was also not a fully sovereign country.'
Explanation
What led to the movement for Sikkim's integration with India?
Hint: Consider the internal political dynamics within Sikkim that led to calls for integration.
Answer
The text states, 'This arrangement ran into difficulty as the Chogyal was unable to deal with the democratic aspirations of the people. An overwhelming majority of Sikkim’s population was Nepali. But the Chogyal was seen as perpetuating the rule of a small elite from the minority Lepcha-Bhutia community.'
Explanation
Sikkim became which number state of the Indian union in April 1975?
Hint: Recall the numerical designation of Sikkim as a state after its merger.
Answer
The text states, 'The Indian Parliament accepted this request immediately and Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian union.'
Explanation
What is the primary reason that regional aspirations are usually expressed in the language of the region?
Hint: Consider the audience and objective of expressing regional aspirations.
Answer
The text states, 'Regional aspirations are usually expressed in the language of the region and addressed to the local population or the rulers.' This points to the purpose of connecting with and mobilizing the local populace through a shared cultural marker.
Explanation
How does democratic politics in India generally view the political expressions of regional aspirations?
Hint: Recall how democracy in India is described as handling regional expressions.
Answer
The text states, 'Democracy allows the political expressions of regional aspirations and does not look upon them as anti-national.'
Explanation
Which states were created in 1972 in the North-East?
Hint: Refer to the section detailing the reorganization of North-Eastern states and their creation years.
Answer
The text states, 'Nagaland State was created in 1963; Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya in 1972 while Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh became separate States only in 1987.'
Explanation
Why did the Mizo movement for secession gain popular support after 1959?
Hint: Consider the immediate cause for increased support for the Mizo secessionist movement.
Answer
The text states, 'But the movement for secession gained popular support after the Assam government failed to respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills.'
Explanation
Which communities in Assam, besides the general anti-foreigner movement, also sought separate states?
Hint: Recall the specific tribal communities in Assam mentioned as having demands for separate states.
Answer
The text states, 'In Assam, for example, communities like the Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas wanted separate States.'
Explanation
What was a key concern of the Assamese during the anti-foreigner movement regarding illegal Bengali Muslim settlers?
Hint: Consider the demographic fear expressed by the Assamese population.
Answer
The text states, 'The Assamese suspected that there were huge numbers of illegal Bengali Muslim settlers from Bangladesh. They felt that unless these foreign nationals are detected and deported they would reduce the indigenous Assamese into a minority.'
Explanation
The Assam Accord, signed in 1985, agreed to identify and deport foreigners who migrated into Assam during and after which event?
Hint: Recall the historical event that marked the cut-off for identifying foreigners in Assam.
Answer
The text states, 'According to this agreement those foreigners who migrated into Assam during and after Bangladesh war and since, were to be identified and deported.'
Explanation
What does the example of Mizoram demonstrate regarding political settlements?
Hint: Consider the specific lesson drawn from Mizoram's journey to peace.
Answer
The text states, 'The example of Mizoram shows how political settlement can resolve the problem of separatism effectively.'
Explanation
What is one of the ways the constitutional framework in India deals with diversity, besides equal powers for most states?
Hint: Recall how the Indian Constitution accommodates the unique needs of certain regions.
Answer
The text states, 'While most of the states have equal powers, there are special provisions for some states like J&K and the states in the North-East.'
Explanation
Why does the text suggest that India's constitutional framework discourages separatism?
Hint: Think about the characteristic of India's constitution that helps manage regional demands without leading to separatism.
Answer
The text states, 'What distinguishes India from many other countries that face similar challenges is that the constitutional framework in India is much more flexible and accommodative. Therefore, regional aspirations are not encouraged to espouse separatism.'
Explanation
Which political leader became the first woman Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in April 2016?
Hint: Recall the name of the political figure who achieved this milestone in J&K.
Answer
The text states, 'After Mufti Mohammed Sayeed died, his daughter Mahbooba Mufti became the first woman Chief Minister of the state in April 2016.'
Explanation
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