11 NCERT CBSE Political Science Chapter 4 Executive
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Theme Analysis
Main ThemeThe Executive Branch of Government
Subject CategoryPolitical Science
Key Concepts
Question FocusThis quiz covers the composition, structure, and functions of the executive organ of government, with a particular focus on the Indian parliamentary system. Questions distinguish between different types of executives, detail the constitutional position and powers of the President and Prime Minister of India, explain the functioning of the Council of Ministers, and describe the role of the administrative machinery. Difficulty levels are mixed, and questions aim to test understanding, application, and analysis rather than mere recall.
What is the primary function of the executive organ of government?
Hint: Think about the core responsibility of this branch in putting decisions into action.
Answer
The executive organ primarily looks after the function of implementation and administration of laws and policies adopted by the legislature.
Explanation
The executive is the branch of government responsible for the implementation of laws and policies adopted by the legislature. While it is often involved in framing policy, its primary role is to ensure these policies and laws are put into practice and administered effectively.
Which of the following countries is cited as an example of a presidential system where the president is both the Head of State and Head of Government?
Hint: Recall the countries mentioned in the text for the presidential system.
Answer
The United States is an example of a presidential system where the president is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that in a presidential system, the president is the Head of State as well as the Head of Government. Countries with such a system include the United States, Brazil, and most nations in Latin America.
Who among the following are collectively known as the 'political executive'?
Hint: Consider who is responsible for overall government policy and is subject to electoral change.
Answer
The heads of government and their ministers, saddled with the overall responsibility of government policy, are together known as the political executive.
Explanation
The text differentiates between the political executive and the permanent executive. The 'political executive' comprises the heads of government (like Presidents or Prime Ministers) and their ministers, who are responsible for government policy and are subject to political accountability and elections.
Why did the makers of the Indian Constitution choose a parliamentary system of executive?
Hint: Recall the reasons mentioned for preferring the parliamentary system over the presidential one, particularly concerning accountability and public sensitivity.
Answer
The makers of the Indian Constitution wanted to ensure that the government would be sensitive to public expectations and would be responsible and accountable, which is better facilitated by the parliamentary system.
Explanation
The text states that the makers of the Indian Constitution wanted a government that would be sensitive to public expectations and responsible and accountable. They also aimed to avoid the danger of a 'personality cult' often associated with powerful presidential executives, opting for a system where the executive is answerable to and controlled by the legislature.
How is the President of India elected?
Hint: Consider who casts votes for the President, not the general public.
Answer
The President is elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of elected MLAs (Members of Legislative Assemblies) and MPs (Members of Parliament).
Explanation
The text clearly states that there is no direct election by the people for the office of President. The President is elected indirectly by the elected MLAs and MPs, in accordance with the principle of proportional representation with a single transferable vote.
According to Article 74(1) of the Indian Constitution, what is the role of the Council of Ministers regarding the President's functions?
Hint: Focus on the 'aid and advise' clause and its binding nature after reconsideration.
Answer
Article 74(1) states that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President, who shall in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.
Explanation
Article 74(1) establishes the Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President, and the President is bound to act in accordance with this advice, especially after reconsideration if requested. This highlights the ceremonial nature of the President's role as the formal head.
If the Council of Ministers sends advice to the President, and the President believes it has flaws or is not in the country's best interest, what is the President's first course of action using discretionary power?
Hint: Think about the President's power to influence decisions without outright rejecting them.
Answer
The President can send back the advice given by the Council of Ministers and ask the Council to reconsider the decision.
Explanation
One of the President's discretionary powers is to send back the advice of the Council of Ministers for reconsideration, particularly if the President perceives flaws or believes it's not in the country's best interest. However, if the Council sends the same advice back, the President is then bound by it.
The 'pocket veto' power of the Indian President refers to the ability to:
Hint: Consider the lack of a time limit for the President to act on a bill, which allows for indefinite delay.
Answer
The 'pocket veto' refers to the President's informal power to keep a bill (other than a Money Bill) pending indefinitely without giving assent or sending it back for reconsideration, as there is no constitutional time limit.
Explanation
The text explains that while the President can send a bill back for reconsideration, there is no mention in the Constitution about a time limit for this. This allows the President to effectively 'pocket' a bill, withholding assent indefinitely and preventing it from becoming law, as famously demonstrated by Gyani Zail Singh with the Indian Post office (amendment) bill.
In which political circumstance does the President of India most significantly exercise discretion in appointing the Prime Minister?
Hint: Think about situations where the usual rule of appointing the majority leader cannot be directly applied.
Answer
The President exercises significant discretion in appointing the Prime Minister when no single party or coalition attains a clear majority in the Lok Sabha after an election, requiring the President to judge who can form a stable government.
Explanation
The text highlights that while normally the President appoints the leader with majority support, discretion arises when there's a hung parliament. In such a situation, the President must use their judgment to decide which leader or coalition can realistically form and run a stable government, often after various leaders claim majority support.
In the Indian parliamentary system, who is considered the 'most important functionary of the government' as the head of the Council of Ministers?
Hint: Recall who leads the Council of Ministers and effectively wields executive power.
Answer
The Prime Minister, as the head of the Council of Ministers, becomes the most important functionary of the government in India.
Explanation
The text states that since the President exercises powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers, and the Council is headed by the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister becomes the most important functionary. This is further reinforced by the PM's support from the majority in the Lok Sabha.
What is the principle of 'collective responsibility' in the context of the Council of Ministers in India?
Hint: Think about the solidarity of the cabinet and its accountability to the lower house of Parliament.
Answer
Collective responsibility means that a vote of no confidence even against a single minister leads to the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers, and ministers must accept cabinet decisions or resign.
Explanation
The text defines collective responsibility as the principle where the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This implies that if the ministry loses confidence of the Lok Sabha, it must resign. Furthermore, a vote of no confidence against one minister affects the entire Council, and all ministers must publicly support or resign over cabinet decisions.
What constitutional amendment limited the size of the Council of Ministers?
Hint: Recall the specific amendment mentioned that addressed the number of ministers.
Answer
The 91st Amendment Act (2003) limited the size of the Council of Ministers.
Explanation
Before the 91st Amendment Act (2003), the size of the Council of Ministers was flexible. This amendment was introduced to prevent excessively large cabinets and to curb the practice of offering ministerial positions to gain political support, especially in coalition scenarios. It stipulated that the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15 percent of the total number of members of the House of the People (or Assembly in States).
Which of the following is NOT listed as a source of power wielded by the Prime Minister in India?
Hint: Consider the process by which a Prime Minister comes to power in India.
Answer
The Prime Minister is not directly elected by the people to the office of Prime Minister. They are appointed by the President as the leader of the majority party/coalition.
Explanation
The text lists several sources of the Prime Minister's power, including control over the Council of Ministers, leadership of the Lok Sabha, command over the bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection of personality during elections, and international leadership. However, the PM is not directly elected to the office; rather, they are appointed by the President after securing majority support in the Lok Sabha.
How have coalition governments, prevalent since 1989, generally affected the Prime Minister's authority in India?
Hint: Think about the dynamics of power-sharing and decision-making when multiple parties form a government.
Answer
Coalition governments have led to an erosion of prime ministerial authority, necessitating much more consultation and compromises among political partners.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that the coalitional nature of Indian politics since 1989 has led to an erosion of prime ministerial authority. This is because decisions on policies, programmes, and even the selection and portfolios of ministers require extensive negotiation and compromise among the various coalition partners, making the PM act more as a negotiator.
What is a key role of the Vice President of India?
Hint: Recall the specific legislative role mentioned for the Vice President.
Answer
The Vice President acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Explanation
The text states that the Vice President acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Additionally, the Vice President takes over the office of the President when there is a vacancy due to death, resignation, removal by impeachment, or otherwise, acting as President until a new President is elected.
The administrative machinery of the government, comprising trained and skilled officers who are permanent employees, is referred to as:
Hint: Think about the non-elected, professional staff who carry out day-to-day administration.
Answer
The administrative machinery, consisting of permanent employees, is referred to as the bureaucracy or civil service.
Explanation
The text defines the bureaucracy or administrative machinery (also called civil service) as the body of trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of the government, assisting ministers in policy formulation and implementation. This distinguishes them from the temporary political executive.
What is expected of the bureaucracy in a democracy regarding political positions?
Hint: Consider how the bureaucracy should function when governments change after elections.
Answer
The bureaucracy is expected to be politically neutral, meaning it will not take any political position on policy matters.
Explanation
The text emphasizes that the bureaucracy is expected to be politically neutral. This means that regardless of which party is in power, the administrative machinery is responsible for faithfully and efficiently participating in drafting and implementing policies, even if they differ from those of a previous government.
Which body is entrusted with the task of recruiting civil servants for the Government of India on the basis of merit?
Hint: Recall the independent body responsible for civil service recruitment at the national level.
Answer
The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is entrusted with the task of conducting the process of recruitment of civil servants for the Government of India.
Explanation
The makers of the Constitution wanted members of the civil services to be impartially selected on the basis of merit. Therefore, the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) was established for the recruitment of civil servants for the central government, with similar bodies (State Public Service Commissions) for the states.
Although IAS and IPS officers work under the supervision of State governments, who primarily controls their appointment and disciplinary action?
Hint: Consider which level of government has the ultimate authority over these All-India Services.
Answer
IAS and IPS officers are appointed by the central government, and most importantly, only the central government can take disciplinary action against them, strengthening central control over state administration.
Explanation
The text explains that while IAS and IPS officers are assigned to a particular State and work under the State government's supervision, they are appointed by the central government and can be sent back to central government service. Crucially, only the central government can take disciplinary action against them, reinforcing central control over state administration.
If a country has a ceremonial head of state (like a monarch or president) and a head of government (like a prime minister) who wields effective power, which system of executive does it most likely have?
Hint: Consider the division of roles between a nominal Head of State and an effective Head of Government.
Answer
This describes a parliamentary system, where the prime minister along with the cabinet wields effective power, and the president or monarch is primarily a ceremonial Head of State.
Explanation
The text clearly defines a parliamentary system as one where the prime minister is the head of government and wields effective power, while the president or monarch serves as a nominal or ceremonial Head of State. Countries like Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom are given as examples.
How does the Sri Lankan semi-presidential system, as described, differ significantly from the Indian parliamentary system?
Hint: Focus on the election method and powers of the President in Sri Lanka compared to India.
Answer
In Sri Lanka's semi-presidential system, the President is directly elected and serves as both the elected Head of State and Head of Government, with vast powers, including the power to remove the Prime Minister or ministers, which is a significant difference from India.
Explanation
The text describes Sri Lanka's Executive Presidency as a system where the people directly elect the President, who is both the Head of State and Head of Government. The President has vast powers, including the ability to remove the Prime Minister or ministers, unlike in India where the President is indirectly elected and primarily a formal head, with the PM being the real executive.
The statement 'We did not give him any real power but we have made his position one of authority and dignity' best describes the constitutional position of which office in India?
Hint: Recall the quote about a 'figurehead' with authority and dignity, but not real governing power.
Answer
This statement, attributed to Jawaharlal Nehru, best describes the constitutional position of the President of India, who is the formal head but acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
Explanation
Jawaharlal Nehru's quote, 'We did not give him any real power but we have made his position one of authority and dignity,' directly refers to the President of India. In the parliamentary system, the President is the formal head of state, embodying national authority and dignity, but the real executive power rests with the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
What is the sole ground for the impeachment of the President of India?
Hint: Think about the ultimate constitutional transgression that can lead to removal.
Answer
The only ground for impeachment of the President of India is violation of the Constitution.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that the President can be removed from office only by Parliament following the procedure for impeachment, and the only ground for impeachment is 'violation of the Constitution.' This procedure requires a special majority in Parliament.
Why is the Prime Minister described as the 'linchpin of Government' by Pt. Nehru?
Hint: Consider the Prime Minister's unique position in connecting different parts of the executive and legislative branches.
Answer
The Prime Minister acts as a link between the Council of Ministers on the one hand and the President as well as the Parliament on the other, making them the central figure in government functioning.
Explanation
The text explains that the Prime Minister acts as a crucial link between the Council of Ministers (leading them), the President (communicating decisions and proposals), and the Parliament (leading the majority). This central coordinating role earned the Prime Minister the description of the 'linchpin of Government' from Pt. Nehru.
When forming the Council of Ministers, what is the most critical factor the Prime Minister considers, especially in a coalition scenario?
Hint: Think about the practical political considerations involved in building a stable government, particularly when multiple parties are involved.
Answer
The Prime Minister must take into account the political weight of various aspirants, especially in a coalition, to ensure stability and representation, which often involves compromises.
Explanation
The text, particularly in the context of coalition governments, implies that the Prime Minister's prerogatives in choosing ministers and deciding their ranks and portfolios are restricted. The PM has to act as a negotiator, taking into account the expectations and political weight of various aspirants and coalition partners to form a viable government. This includes ensuring representation and making compromises.
At the State level in India, who is appointed by the President (on the advice of the central government) and has more discretionary powers compared to the Prime Minister at the national level?
Hint: Recall the head of state at the state level who is appointed by the central authority.
Answer
At the State level, the Governor is appointed by the President and has more discretionary powers compared to the Prime Minister at the national level.
Explanation
The text notes a variation in the parliamentary executive at the State level: the Governor. The Governor is appointed by the President (on the advice of the central government) and is described as having more discretionary powers compared to the Prime Minister at the national level, even though the Chief Minister leads the majority party.
Which of the following are identified as the three organs of government?
Hint: Think about the fundamental divisions of governmental power.
Answer
The three organs of government are Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.
Explanation
The introductory paragraph of the chapter clearly states that 'Legislature, executive and judiciary are the three organs of government. Together, they perform the functions of the government, maintain law and order and look after the welfare of the people.'
In a parliamentary system, how are the executive and the legislature interdependent?
Hint: Recall the dynamic relationship between these two branches in this specific system.
Answer
In a parliamentary system, the executive and the legislature are interdependent: the legislature controls the executive, and, in turn, is controlled by the executive.
Explanation
The introduction states this directly: 'In a parliamentary system, executive and the legislature are interdependent: the legislature controls the executive, and, in turn, is controlled by the executive.' This mutual control and accountability is a defining feature.
The official designations of the executive vary from country to country. Which of the following designations are mentioned in the text for heads of government?
Hint: Look for the specific titles used for executive leaders in different countries.
Answer
The text mentions that some countries have presidents, while others have chancellors as executive heads.
Explanation
The text notes, 'The official designations of the executive vary from country to country. Some countries have presidents, while others have chancellors.' This highlights the diversity in executive leadership titles globally.
What is a potential negative consequence of 'too much political interference' in the working of the bureaucracy?
Hint: Consider what happens when the professional neutrality of the bureaucracy is undermined by political pressure.
Answer
Too much political interference can turn the bureaucracy into an instrument in the hands of the politician, compromising its neutrality and professionalism.
Explanation
The text warns against excessive political interference, stating, 'On the other hand, too much political interference turns the bureaucracy into an instrument in the hands of the politician.' This undermines the bureaucracy's intended role as a neutral and professional administrative body.
What is the key difference in the electoral college for the Vice President compared to that of the President?
Hint: Focus on which group of elected representatives is excluded from the Vice President's election.
Answer
The key difference is that members of State legislatures are not part of the electoral college for the Vice President.
Explanation
The text states, 'His election method is similar to that of the President, the only difference is that members of State legislatures are not part of the electoral college.' This makes the Vice President's electoral college smaller and purely parliamentary.
In ordinary circumstances, what is the primary symbolic and functional role of the President in a parliamentary system like India?
Hint: Think about the stability and symbolic representation provided by the Head of State in a parliamentary democracy.
Answer
The President acts as Head of the state with a fixed term, empowered to appoint the Prime Minister, and symbolically represents the entire country, especially when the Council of Ministers' term is uncertain.
Explanation
The text explains that the President serves as a stable Head of State with a fixed term, who can appoint the Prime Minister and symbolically represent the entire country. This role is crucial because the Council of Ministers is dependent on legislative support and can be removed at any time, requiring a continuous, symbolic head.
Imagine the Prime Minister wants to impose 'President's rule' in a State, but the President advises against it, suggesting it should be used sparingly. If the Prime Minister insists, what is the most likely constitutional course of action for the President?
Hint: Recall the binding nature of the Council of Ministers' advice after reconsideration.
Answer
The President can discuss and ask for reconsideration, but ultimately, the President is bound by the reconsidered advice of the Council of Ministers. Therefore, if the PM insists, the President would sign the order.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that the President can ask the Council of Ministers to reconsider its advice, but 'the President shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration.' This means while the President can express views and seek reconsideration, they are ultimately bound to accept the advice if the Council insists.
What is a mandatory requirement for the Prime Minister and all ministers in India regarding parliamentary membership?
Hint: Consider the connection between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary system.
Answer
The Prime Minister and all the ministers have to be members of the Parliament. If someone becomes a minister or Prime Minister without being an MP, such a person has to get elected to the Parliament within six months.
Explanation
The text clearly states, 'The Prime Minister and all the ministers have to be members of the Parliament. If someone becomes a minister or Prime Minister without being an MP, such a person has to get elected to the Parliament within six months.' This rule ensures accountability to the legislature.
How has the era of coalition governments since 1989 affected the President's role in India?
Hint: Think about the President's actions when there's no clear majority, as mentioned in the text for the post-1989 period.
Answer
The era of coalition governments has resulted in a growing discretionary role for the President in the selection of Prime Ministers, especially when no single party or pre-poll alliance secures a clear majority.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that since 1989, major political changes and the rise of coalition governments have 'considerably increased the importance of the presidential office' and 'resulted in a growing discretionary role of the President in the selection of Prime Ministers' when no clear majority exists.
The Indian bureaucracy is described as an enormously complex system. Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as a component of this system?
Hint: Recall the civilian components of the administrative machinery mentioned in the text.
Answer
Members of the armed forces are not explicitly mentioned as a component of the Indian bureaucracy/civil service in this context, which primarily refers to civilian administration.
Explanation
The text describes the Indian bureaucracy as consisting of 'the All-India services, State services, employees of the local governments, and technical and managerial staff running public sector undertakings.' The military service is explicitly differentiated from the civil service.
Why has the Constitution provided for reservations in jobs for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and later for other sections, within the public bureaucracy?
Hint: Think about the social justice aspect of recruitment policies for civil services.
Answer
Reservations are provided to ensure that the bureaucracy is more representative and that social inequalities do not come in the way of recruitment to the civil service.
Explanation
The text states that while efficiency and merit are norms for recruitment, the Constitution also ensures 'that all sections of the society including the weaker sections have an opportunity to be part of the public bureaucracy. For this purpose, the Constitution has provided reservation in jobs...' This aims to make the bureaucracy more representative and address social inequalities.
Who is normally the most important officer of the government at the district level, often an IAS officer?
Hint: Recall the common designation for the chief administrative officer in an Indian district.
Answer
The Collector of a district is normally the most important officer of the government at the district level, usually an IAS officer.
Explanation
The text mentions, 'You may know that the collector of a district is the most important officer of the government at the district level. Do you know that the collector is normally an IAS officer...'. This highlights the significant role of IAS officers in district administration.
Why is democratic control over the executive deemed essential, especially given its powerful nature in modern governments?
Hint: Consider the concluding remarks about the need for supervision and control over a powerful institution.
Answer
Democratic control over the executive is essential to prevent it from becoming unresponsive or authoritarian, ensuring accountability to the people.
Explanation
The conclusion states, 'The modern executive is a very powerful institution of government. The executive enjoys greater powers compared to other organs of the government. This generates a greater need to have democratic control over the executive.' This control, through mechanisms like periodic elections and constitutional limits, ensures the executive remains responsive and accountable.
What does the activity of 'administration' or 'management' primarily involve in any organization, including government?
Hint: Recall the initial description of what an office holder does in an organization.
Answer
Administration or management involves taking decisions and implementing those decisions.
Explanation
The text explains, 'In any organisation, some office holder has to take decisions and implement those decisions. We call this activity administration or management.' It further clarifies that this includes both policy decisions and the supervision/coordination of routine functioning.
Which characteristic defines a semi-presidential system?
Hint: Consider the shared power between a President and a Prime Minister, and potential for different party affiliations.
Answer
A semi-presidential system has both a president and a prime minister, but unlike the parliamentary system, the president may possess significant day-to-day powers, and it is possible for them to belong to different political parties.
Explanation
The text defines a semi-presidential system as having 'both a president and a prime minister but unlike the parliamentary system the president may possess significant day-to-day powers. In this system, it is possible that sometimes the president and the prime minister may belong to the same party and at times they may belong to two different parties and thus, would be opposed to each other.' France, Russia, and Sri Lanka are examples.
India's experience under which Acts influenced the Constituent Assembly's decision to adopt a parliamentary system?
Hint: Recall the historical legislative frameworks mentioned that preceded India's Constitution.
Answer
India already had some experience of running the parliamentary system under the Acts of 1919 and 1935, which influenced the adoption of this system.
Explanation
The text states, 'When the Constitution of India was written, India already had some experience of running the parliamentary system under the Acts of 1919 and 1935. This experience had shown that in the parliamentary system, the executive can be effectively controlled by the representatives of the people.'
The power wielded by the Prime Minister in India is most significantly affected by:
Hint: Consider what determines how 'unassailable' the PM's position is, as mentioned in the text.
Answer
The power the Prime Minister wields and actually puts into use depends upon the prevailing political conditions, particularly the strength of the ruling party or coalition.
Explanation
The text directly states, 'However, the power which the Prime Minister wields and actually puts into use depends upon the prevailing political conditions.' It elaborates that the PM's position is 'unassailable whenever a single political party has secured majority,' but is affected when governments are led by coalitions due to the need for negotiation and compromise.
What factors does the Prime Minister consider when allocating ranks and portfolios to ministers?
Hint: Recall the criteria mentioned for assigning ministerial positions.
Answer
The Prime Minister allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers depending upon their seniority and political importance.
Explanation
The text explicitly states, 'The Prime Minister allocates ranks and portfolios to the ministers. Depending upon the seniority and political importance, the ministers are given the ranks of cabinet minister, minister of State or deputy minister.'
For how long is the President of India elected?
Hint: Recall the fixed term for the Indian President.
Answer
The President of India is elected for a period of five years.
Explanation
The text clearly states, 'The President is elected for a period of five years.' This fixed term provides stability to the office of the Head of State.
What is the primary mechanism mentioned in the text for making the administrative machinery (bureaucracy) politically accountable in a democracy?
Hint: Think about how the elected government interacts with the permanent administration.
Answer
In a democracy, the elected representatives and the ministers are in charge of government and the administration is under their control and supervision, making it politically accountable.
Explanation
The text explains, 'In a democracy, the elected representatives and the ministers are in charge of government and the administration is under their control and supervision.' This hierarchical control ensures that the bureaucracy is answerable to the politically elected executive.
When no political party or coalition secured a majority in the March 1998 elections, President Narayanan asked the leader of the alliance to furnish documents supporting his claim and advised him to secure a vote of confidence within ten days. This demonstrates the President's discretionary power in:
Hint: Relate the example to the President's role when there's no clear majority after an election.
Answer
This demonstrates the President's discretionary power in appointing the Prime Minister in a hung parliament situation, where the President must judge who can form a stable government.
Explanation
The example of President Narayanan's actions in 1998 perfectly illustrates the third type of presidential discretion: when no leader has a clear majority, the President has to use his own discretion in judging who really may have the support of the majority or who can actually form and run the government.
Why does a parliamentary system, where the Council of Ministers can be removed at any time, require a Head of State with a fixed term?
Hint: Consider the need for a continuous, non-political figure to represent the nation, even if governments change.
Answer
A fixed-term Head of State is needed to ensure stability and symbolically represent the entire country, especially when the Council of Ministers, dependent on legislative support, might be removed at any time.
Explanation
The text explains, 'Such a situation requires a Head of the state who has a fixed term, who may be empowered to appoint the Prime Minister and who may symbolically represent the entire country.' This ensures continuity and a non-partisan figure during periods of political instability or transition.
The word 'executive' literally means a body of persons that:
Hint: Recall the literal meaning provided for the term 'executive' early in the chapter.
Answer
The word executive means a body of persons that looks after the implementation of rules and regulations in actual practice.
Explanation
The text provides a direct definition: 'The word executive means a body of persons that looks after the implementation of rules and regulations in actual practice.' This emphasizes the action-oriented nature of the executive branch.
An IAS or IPS officer, while working under a State government, is primarily governed by service conditions laid down by:
Hint: Think about which level of government has the ultimate authority over the All-India Services.
Answer
An IAS or IPS officer is governed by the service conditions laid down by the central government.
Explanation
The text clarifies, 'An IAS or IPS officer is assigned to a particular State, where he or she works under the supervision of the State government. However, the IAS or IPS officers are appointed by the central government, they can go back into the service of the central government and most importantly, only the central government can take disciplinary action against them.' This indicates that service conditions are centrally determined.
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