12 NCERT CBSE Sociology The Impact of Colonialism on India's Structural Change and Development
Theme Analysis
Main ThemeThe Impact of Colonialism on India's Structural Change and Development
Subject CategorySociology / History
Key Concepts
Question FocusQuestions focus on understanding the profound and often contradictory impact of British colonialism on India's social, economic, and political structures. Emphasis is placed on comparing pre-capitalist and capitalist forms of empire, the unique patterns of industrialization and urbanization in colonial India versus Britain, and the legacy of these changes in independent India. Questions cover definitions, cause-and-effect relationships, comparisons, and interpretation of societal trends.
Why is India's colonial experience considered particularly significant for comprehending modern India?
Hint: Think about how modern concepts and systems were introduced and the inherent contradictions involved.
Answer
The colonial experience is significant because many modern ideas and institutions arrived through it, but this exposure was contradictory, shaping India's structural and cultural changes.
Explanation
The text states that 'many modern ideas and institutions reached India through colonialism' but also highlights that 'such an exposure to modern ideas was contradictory or paradoxical,' profoundly shaping modern India.
Which of the following is an example of the paradoxical nature of India's colonial experience mentioned in the text?
Hint: Look for a situation where an idea or principle was presented but its practical application was denied.
Answer
Indians read about Western liberalism and freedom, yet they lived under a Western, colonial rule that denied them liberty and freedom. This is explicitly stated as a contradiction.
Explanation
The text provides a direct example: 'For example, Indians in the colonial period read about western liberalism and freedom. Yet they lived under a western, colonial rule that denied Indians liberty and freedom.' This highlights the paradoxical nature.
The impact of the English language in India is described as 'many-sided and paradoxical' because:
Hint: Consider both the advantages and disadvantages or the exclusive and inclusive aspects of English language knowledge.
Answer
English knowledge gave Indians an edge in the global market and opened opportunities for the traditionally deprived (like Dalits), but it also remained a mark of privilege, disadvantaging those who didn't know it in the job market.
Explanation
The text states, 'This knowledge of English has given Indians an edge in the global market. But English continues to be a mark of privilege. Not knowing English is a disadvantage... At the same time for those who were traditionally deprived... knowledge of English may open doors of opportunities that were formerly closed.'
At its simplest level, what does colonialism mean?
Hint: Recall the basic definition provided at the beginning of the 'Understanding Colonialism' section.
Answer
Colonialism simply means the establishment of rule by one country over another.
Explanation
The text explicitly defines colonialism: 'At one level, colonialism simply means the establishment of rule by one country over another.'
What was the vital difference between the empire building of pre-capitalist times and that of capitalist (British) times, according to the text?
Hint: Consider the extent to which the ruling power intervened in the conquered land's internal economic systems.
Answer
British colonialism (capitalist) directly interfered to ensure greatest profit for British capitalism, changing laws, crops, and manufacturing. In contrast, pre-capitalist conquerors generally did not interfere with the economic base, only exacting tribute.
Explanation
The text states: 'Apart from outright pillage, the pre-capitalist conquerors benefited from their domination by exacting a continuous flow of tribute. On the whole they did not interfere with the economic base.' In contrast, 'British colonialism which was based on a capitalist system directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism. Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism.'
Which of the following actions demonstrates how British colonialism directly interfered with India's economic base?
Hint: Recall the specific examples given regarding changes to laws, agriculture, and industry.
Answer
British colonialism changed land ownership laws, decided what crops ought to be grown, and meddled with the manufacturing sector, altering production and distribution methods.
Explanation
The text provides several examples: 'For instance it changed the very laws of the land. It changed not just land ownership laws but decided even what crops ought to be grown and what ought not to be. It meddled with the manufacturing sector. It altered the way production and distribution of goods took place.'
How did the British Forest Acts impact pastoralists in India?
Hint: Think about the consequences of new laws regarding forest access for communities dependent on them.
Answer
The British Forest Acts prevented pastoralists from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle, changing their lives.
Explanation
The text states: 'It brought in Forest Acts that changed the lives of pastoralists. They were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle.'
What was a significant consequence of colonialism regarding the movement of people?
Hint: Consider both internal and external migration patterns mentioned in the text.
Answer
Colonialism led to considerable movement of people, both within India (e.g., Jharkhand to Assam for tea plantations, middle class to different parts of the country) and from India to other colonized lands (Asia, Africa, Americas).
Explanation
The text highlights: 'Colonialism also led to considerable movement of people. It led to movement of people from one part to another within India... People were carted in ships from India to work on other colonised lands in distant Asia, Africa and Americas.'
The introduction of Western education by colonialists, intended to manage British colonialism, had an unintended consequence. What was it?
Hint: Think about how exposure to certain ideas might lead to unexpected resistance rather than compliance.
Answer
Western education, though introduced to create Indians who would manage British colonialism, instead led to the growth of a nationalist and anti-colonial consciousness.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'For example, we saw how western education was introduced to create Indians who would manage British colonialism. Instead it led to the growth of a nationalist and anti-colonial consciousness.'
How is capitalism defined in the context of the document?
Hint: Recall the definition provided in the section discussing the basic features of capitalism.
Answer
Capitalism is defined as an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and organized to accumulate profits within a market system.
Explanation
The text states: 'Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and organised to accumulate profits within a market system.'
What marked capitalism from its very beginning, as described in the text?
Hint: Think about the inherent drive and reach of the capitalist system described.
Answer
From its beginning, capitalism was marked by its dynamism, potential to grow, expand, innovate, use technology and labor for greatest profit, and its global nature.
Explanation
The text mentions: 'What marked capitalism from the very beginning was its dynamism, its potential to grow, expand, innovate, use technology and labour in a way best assured to ensure greatest profit. What marked it too was its global nature.'
Why is the practice of colonialism considered contradictory to the principle of nationalism and democratic rights?
Hint: Consider the fundamental tenet of nationalism regarding self-determination versus the reality of foreign domination.
Answer
Colonial rule implied foreign rule (e.g., British rule over India), directly contradicting the principle of nationalism, which assumes any set of people has a right to be free and exercise sovereign power.
Explanation
The text states: 'It must have struck you that the practice of colonialism and the principle of nationalism and democratic rights are contradictory. For colonial rule implied foreign rule such as British rule over India. Nationalism implied that the people of India or of any colonised society have an equal right to be sovereign.'
What is the primary characteristic of industrialization as defined in the text?
Hint: Recall the core technological shift associated with industrialization.
Answer
Industrialization refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.
Explanation
The text defines industrialization as 'the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.'
How did industrialization and urbanization typically occur in Britain?
Hint: Consider the typical relationship between these two processes in Western industrialized nations.
Answer
In Britain, the first society to undergo industrialization, it was also the earliest to move from being rural to a predominantly urban country, with a large majority of the employed population working in factories, offices or shops.
Explanation
The text states: 'For instance in Britain, the first society to undergo industrialisation, was also the earliest to move from being rural to a predominantly urban country... Over 90 per cent of people in the west live in towns and cities, where most jobs are to be found and new job opportunities are created.'
What was a consequence of British industrialization on India's manufacturing sector?
Hint: Think about the competitive effect of advanced British industry on India's existing production.
Answer
The impact of British industrialization led to deindustrialization in some sectors and a decline of traditional exports like cotton and silk manufactures from India, due to competition from Manchester.
Explanation
The text clearly states: 'In India the impact of the very same British industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in some sectors, and decline of old urban centres. Just as manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures from India declined in the face of Manchester competition.'
How did the initial impact of British industrialization differ in India compared to Britain regarding population movement?
Hint: Compare the demographic shifts in each country in response to industrial changes.
Answer
Unlike Britain where industrialization led to more people moving into urban areas, in India, the initial impact of the same British industrialization led to more people moving into agriculture.
Explanation
The text states: 'Unlike Britain where the impact of industrialisation led to more people moving into urban areas, in India the initial impact of the same British industrialisation led to more people moving into agriculture.'
Which of the following cities experienced a decline during the colonial period as the British took over Indian states?
Hint: Recall the specific examples of cities that lost their prominence due to the British takeover.
Answer
When the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka, and Murshidabad lost their courts and some of their artisans and court gentry, leading to their decline.
Explanation
The text mentions: 'This period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam while Bombay and Madras grew. When the British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka, and Murshidabad lost their courts and, therefore, some of their artisans and court gentry.'
What key role did coastal cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai play in the colonial economic system?
Hint: Think about how these cities connected India to the global colonial economy.
Answer
Colonial coastal cities were the prime link between the economic core in Britain and the periphery in colonised India. From here, primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods cheaply imported.
Explanation
The text explains: 'Coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai were favoured. From here primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be cheaply imported. Colonial cities were the prime link between the economic centre or core in Britain and periphery or margins in colonised India.'
Kolkata (Calcutta) emerged as a colonial city after Job Charnock arranged to lease three villages and established what for defensive purposes?
Hint: Recall the specific name of the fort mentioned in relation to Kolkata's founding.
Answer
Kolkata emerged after Job Charnock arranged to lease three villages and established Fort William in 1698 for defensive purposes.
Explanation
The text states: 'In 1690, an English merchant named Job Charnock arranged to lease three villages... In 1698, Fort William was established by the river for defensive purposes, and a large open area was cleared around the fort... The fort and the open area (called Maidan) formed the core of the city that emerged rather rapidly.'
According to Box 1.4, what was a distinguishing feature of the European town within a South Asian colonial city compared to the native town?
Hint: Consider the differences in planning, housing, amenities, and recreational facilities between the two parts of the city.
Answer
The European town had spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, trees, clubs, and Western recreational facilities. They fully utilized amenities like water, electricity, and sewage, whereas their use was quite restricted in the native town.
Explanation
Box 1.4 details: 'The European town…had spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, trees on both sides of the street,…clubs for afternoon and evening get-togethers…When domestic water supply, electric connections, and sewage links were available or technically possible, the European town residents utilised them fully, whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town.'
Why did industrialization and urbanization in India not happen in the same way as in Britain during the modern period?
Hint: Think about whose priorities dictated the nature of industrial development in a colonized country.
Answer
Industrialization and urbanization in India differed from Britain because India's early industrialization and urbanization in the modern period were governed by colonial interests, not solely by indigenous development.
Explanation
The text states: 'More importantly, this is not because we began industrialisation late, but because our early industrialisation and urbanisation in the modern period were governed by colonial interests.'
According to official reports, how did the colonial government often ensure labor for tea plantations?
Hint: Recall the methods used by the colonial administration to secure and retain workers for the tea industry.
Answer
Official reports show that the colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep laborers, and clearly acted on behalf of the British planters.
Explanation
The text states: 'Official reports show how the colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers. And clearly acted on behalf of the British planters.'
What did colonial administrators understand about the laws in a colonized country like India compared to Britain?
Hint: Consider the double standard applied by colonial powers regarding legal principles.
Answer
Colonial administrators were aware that the laws of a colonized country did not have to stick to the democratic norms that the British back home had to follow in Britain.
Explanation
The text notes: 'Significantly the colonial administrators were clear that harsh measures were taken against the labourers to make sure they benefited the planters. They were also fully aware that the laws of a colonised country did not have to stick to the democratic norms that the British back home had to follow in Britain.'
From which region was the bulk of labor for Assam tea plantations imported, as mentioned in Box 1.5?
Hint: Look for the specific Indian state mentioned as the primary source of labor.
Answer
The recruiting ground for tea garden laborers was centered in Bihar, in particular, in districts such as Patna, Gaya, Arrah, Saran, Tirhoot, Champaran, Munger, and Bhagalpur.
Explanation
Box 1.5 states: 'But to bring thousands of people every year from their far-off homes into strange lands... bulk of the sorely needed labour had to be imported from other provinces... For many decades, the recruiting ground was centred in Bihar, in particular, in districts, such as Patna, Gaya, Arrah, Saran, Tirhoot, Champaran, Munger (Monghyr), Bhagalpur and Purnea.'
Based on the description in Box 1.6, which statement best characterizes the lifestyle of British tea planters?
Hint: Focus on the details provided about their homes, servants, and possessions.
Answer
The planters lived lives of luxury in huge, sprawling bungalows with velvety lawns and flower beds, served by a large number of trained staff (malis, bawarchis, bearers), and imported everything from scouring powder to silverware.
Explanation
Box 1.6 describes: 'In spite of the inaccessibility of the gardens, they had lived lives of luxury. Huge, sprawling bungalows... They had trained a large number of malis, bawarchis and bearers to serve them to perfection... Of course, everything from scouring powder to self-raising flour... had come up the river on the steamers.'
For Indian nationalists, what was a central issue regarding colonial rule?
Hint: Think about the primary grievance of nationalists concerning the economic impact of foreign rule.
Answer
For Indian nationalists, the issue of economic exploitation under colonial rule was a central concern, contrasting pre-colonial riches with British India's poverty.
Explanation
The text states: 'For Indian nationalists the issue of economic exploitation under colonial rule was a central issue. Images of pre-colonial fabled riches of India contrasted with the poverty of British India.'
What did Indian nationalists see as the path towards both growth and social equity for independent India?
Hint: Recall the strategic economic approach advocated by nationalists for post-independence development.
Answer
Indian nationalists saw rapid industrialization of the economy as the path towards both growth and social equity.
Explanation
The text mentions: 'Indian nationalists saw rapid industrialisation of the economy as the path towards both growth and social equity.'
Which of the following was considered very important for industrialization in independent India?
Hint: Think about the key components of India's early industrial strategy after gaining independence.
Answer
Development of heavy and machine-making industries, expansion of the public sector, and holding of a large cooperative sector were considered very important for industrialization in independent India.
Explanation
The text states: 'Development of heavy and machine-making industries, expansion of the public sector and holding of a large cooperative sector were considered very important.'
Which sociologist argued that many villages in India are increasingly subject to urban influences, describing three different situations of urban impact?
Hint: Recall the name of the sociologist associated with the different kinds of urbanization in independent India.
Answer
Sociologist M.S.A. Rao argued that many villages all over India are becoming increasingly subject to the impact of urban influences, and he described three different situations of urban impact.
Explanation
The text explicitly mentions: 'Writing on the different kinds of urbanisation witnesses in the first two decades after independence sociologist M.S.A. Rao argued that in India many villages all over India are becoming increasingly subject to the impact of urban influences... He describes three different situations of urban impact as mentioned in the box.'
What is the first kind of urban impact on villages described by M.S.A. Rao?
Hint: Think about the impact of out-migration for work to distant cities on a village.
Answer
The first kind of urban impact involves villages where a sizeable number of people have sought employment in far-off cities, living there but leaving families in natal villages, sending money, and visiting regularly.
Explanation
Box 1.7 describes the first situation: 'Firstly, there are villages in which a sizeable number of people have sought employment in far-off cities. They live there leaving behind the members of their families in their natal villages... About 75 percent of the total migrants send money regularly, and 83 per cent visit the village from four to five times a year to once in two years...'
If an industrial town like Bhilai comes up in the midst of villages, what kind of urban impact, according to M.S.A. Rao, would be observed in the surrounding villages?
Hint: Consider the direct consequences of a new industrial center on nearby rural areas, including land use and population changes.
Answer
When an industrial town comes up, some villages are totally uprooted while others' lands are partially acquired. These villages receive an influx of immigrant workers, stimulating demand for houses and markets but also creating problems in ordering relationships between native residents and immigrants.
Explanation
Box 1.7 details the second kind of urban impact: 'When an industrial town like Bhilai comes up in the midst of villages, some villages are totally uprooted while the lands of others are partially acquired. The latter are found to receive an influx of immigrant workers, which not only stimulates a demand for houses and a market inside the village but creates problems of ordering relationships between the native residents and the immigrants...'
What characterizes the third type of urban impact on surrounding villages, according to M.S.A. Rao?
Hint: Think about how large, expanding cities directly affect their immediate rural surroundings.
Answer
The third type of urban impact is accounted for by the growth of metropolitan cities, where a few villages are totally absorbed, and the land of many others (excluding inhabited areas) is used for urban development.
Explanation
Box 1.7 explains the third type: '...The growth of metropolitan cities accounts for the third type of urban impact on the surrounding villages...While a few villages are totally absorbed in the process of expansion, only the land of many others, excluding the inhabited area, is used for urban development...'
According to the provided data for India (1951-2011), what was the trend in the absolute number of urban population and the number of UA/Towns?
Hint: Refer to the summary of the charts regarding the absolute numbers.
Answer
The urban population and the number of UA/Towns in India showed a steady increase from 1951 to 2011.
Explanation
The text summarizing the charts states: 'The above chart indicates that the urban population and the number of UA/Towns in India are increasing... This shows a steady increase in terms of absolute numbers, number of UA/towns and the per cent share of the urban population.'
What was the trend of the decennial growth rate of the urban population in India between 1981 and 2011?
Hint: Look at the specific period mentioned for the decennial growth rate and how it changed.
Answer
The decennial growth rate of the urban population showed a declining trend during 1981–2001, reversed the trend, and showed a marginal increase in 2011.
Explanation
The text states: 'However, the decennial growth rate of the urban population showed a declining trend during 1981–2001, reversed the trend and showed marginal increase in 2011.'
For the first time since Independence, what significant demographic shift was observed regarding population increase?
Hint: Consider the comparative growth between urban and rural populations in recent times.
Answer
For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in population was more in urban areas than in rural areas, due to a sharp decline in rural growth rate and almost constant urban growth rate.
Explanation
The text highlights: 'For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in population is more in urban areas than in rural areas. This is due to a sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas, while the growth rate in urban areas remains almost the same.'
What is evident about colonialism from the text's conclusion?
Hint: Think about whether colonialism's effects are confined to the past or continue to influence the present.
Answer
The conclusion states that colonialism is not just a topic in history but something which lives on in complex ways in our lives even today.
Explanation
The conclusion explicitly states: 'It will be obvious to you that colonialism is not just a topic in history but something which lives on in complex ways in our lives even today.'
Beyond changes in production systems, technological innovations, and density of settlements, what else do industrialization and urbanization imply, according to the text?
Hint: Consider the broader societal and cultural implications beyond just economic and physical changes.
Answer
Industrialization and urbanization imply changes not just in production systems, technological innovations, density of settlements but also 'a way of life' (Wirth, 1938).
Explanation
The conclusion mentions: 'It is also evident from the above account that industrialisation and urbanisation imply changes not just in production systems, technological innovations, density of settlements but also ‘a way of life’ (Wirth, 1938).'
Which of the following systems in India are explicitly stated to be built very much on the British model?
Hint: Recall the specific examples of institutions that reflect British influence.
Answer
India has a parliamentary and a legal system, a police and educational system built very much on the British model.
Explanation
The text states: 'We have a parliamentary and a legal system, a police and educational system built very much on the British model.'
What made the impact of colonial rule distinguishable from all other earlier rules in India?
Hint: Consider the intensity and breadth of the transformations brought about by colonial rule.
Answer
The impact of colonial rule is distinguishable from all other earlier rules because the changes it brought in were far-reaching and deep.
Explanation
The text states: 'The impact of colonial rule is distinguishable from all other earlier rules because the changes it brought in were far-reaching and deep.'
According to the Census of India Report, 1911 (Box 1.2), what was a significant effect of the extensive importation of cheap European piecegoods and utensils on Indian village industries?
Hint: Think about the competitive disadvantage faced by local, traditional industries against mass-produced foreign goods.
Answer
The extensive importation of cheap European goods and the establishment of Western-type factories in India more or less destroyed many village industries, causing artisans to abandon their hereditary craft for agriculture.
Explanation
Box 1.2 states: 'The extensive importation of cheap European piecegoods and utensils, and the establishment in India itself of numerous factories of the Western type, have more or less destroyed many village industries. The high prices of agricultural produce have also led many village artisans to abandon their hereditary craft in favour of agriculture…'
What was the relationship between Western colonialism and the growth of Western capitalism?
Hint: Consider the mutually reinforcing relationship between these two historical forces.
Answer
Western colonialism was inextricably connected to the growth of Western capitalism, as capitalism's global nature and drive for profit fueled colonial expansion.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'Western colonialism was inextricably connected to the growth of western capitalism. This had a lasting impact on the way capitalism developed in a colonised country like India.'
What did Indian nationalist leaders declare as their birthright, fighting for both political and economic freedom?
Hint: Recall the key term used by Indian nationalists to demand self-rule.
Answer
Indian nationalist leaders declared that freedom or 'swaraj' was their birthright and fought for both political and economic freedom.
Explanation
The text states: 'Indian nationalist leaders were quick to grasp this irony. They declared that freedom or swaraj was their birthright and fought for both political and economic freedom.'
According to Sarkar (Box 1.2), when did village crafts in the interior, particularly outside eastern India, become seriously affected?
Hint: Consider how improved transportation infrastructure would connect previously isolated markets.
Answer
Village crafts in the interior, especially outside eastern India, probably survived much longer and came to be seriously affected only with the spread of railways.
Explanation
Box 1.2, quoting Sarkar, states: 'Village crafts in the interior, and particularly, in regions other than eastern India where British penetration was earliest and deepest, probably survived much longer, coming to be seriously affected only with the spread of railways.'
According to Mukherjee (Box 1.3), why were the alternatives offered by the East India Company (land ownership and English education) not sufficient to create a genuine middle class in India?
Hint: Think about the practical and cultural disconnect of these offerings from genuine societal development.
Answer
The alternatives were insufficient because land ownership remained unconnected with agricultural productivity, and English education was unconnected with the mainstream of Indian cultural traditions, leading to zamindars becoming parasites and graduates becoming job hunters.
Explanation
Box 1.3 states: 'The facts that the first remained unconnected with agricultural productivity and the second with the mainstream of Indian cultural traditions amply show that the alternatives were not sufficient in the sense that they could not create any genuine middle class. We know only too well that the zamindars become parasites in land and the graduates job hunters.'
What primary commodity did Calcutta primarily export to Dundee during the British colonial period?
Hint: Recall the specific commodity linked to Calcutta and its destination.
Answer
Calcutta exported jute to Dundee during the colonial period.
Explanation
The text mentions: 'Calcutta exported jute to Dundee while Madras sent coffee, sugar, indigo dyes and cotton to Britain.'
What was the primary purpose of establishing Fort William in Kolkata (then Kolikata) in 1698?
Hint: Think about the strategic need for such a structure in a newly acquired territory.
Answer
Fort William was established in 1698 by the river for defensive purposes.
Explanation
The text states: 'In 1698, Fort William was established by the river for defensive purposes, and a large open area was cleared around the fort for military engagements.'
In which year did the tea industry begin in India?
Hint: Locate the specific date mentioned for the commencement of the tea industry.
Answer
The tea industry began in India in 1851.
Explanation
Box 1.5 states: 'Tea industry began in India in 1851.'
Why did tea planters in Assam need to import labor from other provinces, despite Assam being in India?
Hint: Consider the demographic and geographical conditions of Assam at the time of tea plantation establishment.
Answer
Assam was sparsely populated, and the tea plantations were often located on uninhabited hillsides, necessitating the importation of labor from other provinces.
Explanation
Box 1.5 explains: 'Since Assam was sparsely populated and the tea plantations were often located on uninhabited hillsides, bulk of the sorely needed labour had to be imported from other provinces.'
How did the colonial government aid and abet tea planters in recruiting laborers, according to Box 1.5?
Hint: Look for the method mentioned through which the government supported the planters' labor acquisition.
Answer
The colonial government aided planters by passing penal laws (like the Transport of Native Labourers Act) that allowed for fraud and coercion in recruitment, as planters were unwilling to offer financial and other incentives.
Explanation
Box 1.5 states: 'But to bring thousands of people every year from their far-off homes... required the provision of financial and other incentives, which the tea-planters of Assam were unwilling to offer. Instead, they had recourse to fraud and coercion; and they persuaded the government to aid and abet them in this unholy task by passing penal laws. …The recruitment of labourers for tea gardens of Assam was carried on for years mostly by contractors under the provisions of the Transport of Native Labourers Act...'
Which ambitious scheme has the Government of India initiated for fast-paced urbanization in the 21st century?
Hint: Recall the modern government initiative mentioned for urban development.
Answer
The Government of India has initiated the ambitious scheme of 'Smart City' for fast-paced urbanization in the 21st century.
Explanation
The text states: 'In the 21st century, India will be witnessing fast pace of urbanisation with the ambitious scheme of ‘Smart City’ initiated by the Government of India.'
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