11 NCERT CBSE Political Science Chapter 8: Local Governments
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Theme Analysis
Main ThemeLocal Governments and Constitutional Amendments in India
Subject CategoryPolitical Science
Key Concepts
Question FocusQuestions cover the historical evolution, core principles, and key provisions of local governments in India, with a strong focus on the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. The quiz tests understanding of their structure, functions, electoral processes, reservations, and financial mechanisms, as well as the challenges faced during implementation. Questions range from factual recall to application and analysis.
What is a primary advantage of local government being 'closest to the common people'?
Hint: Think about the convenience and efficiency of accessing government for everyday issues.
Answer
The advantage of local government being close to the people is that it is convenient for them to approach it for solving problems quickly and with minimum cost.
Explanation
The text states, 'The advantage of local government is that it is so near the people. It is convenient for the people to approach the local government for solving their problems both quickly and with minimum cost.' This highlights the practical benefits of local governance.
Which term refers to government at the village and district level, involving the day-to-day life and problems of ordinary citizens?
Hint: Consider the level of government described as being most accessible to ordinary citizens.
Answer
Local government is government at the village and district level, closest to the common people, and involves their day-to-day life and problems.
Explanation
The document defines 'Local government' as 'government at the village and district level. Local government is about government closest to the common people. Local government is about government that involves the day-to-day life and problems of ordinary citizens.'
Who initiated the creation of elected local government bodies in India after 1882, calling them 'local boards'?
Hint: Recall the British Viceroy associated with early local self-government reforms.
Answer
Lord Rippon, who was the Viceroy of India, took the initiative in creating elected local government bodies called 'local boards' after 1882.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'In modern times, elected local government bodies were created after 1882. Lord Rippon, who was the Viceroy of India at that time, took the initiative in creating these bodies. They were called the local boards.'
Mahatma Gandhi strongly advocated for what principle during India's freedom movement, believing it crucial for successful development initiatives?
Hint: Consider Gandhi's views on power distribution and village autonomy.
Answer
Mahatma Gandhi strongly pleaded for decentralisation of economic and political power, believing that strengthening village panchayats was a means of effective decentralisation.
Explanation
The document states, 'During India’s freedom movement, Mahatma Gandhi had strongly pleaded for decentralisation of economic and political power. He believed that strengthening village panchayats was a means of effective decentralisation.'
Before the 73rd and 74th Amendments, where was the subject of local government primarily mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
Hint: Recall the part of the Constitution that provides advisory guidelines to governments.
Answer
The subject of local government was assigned to the States and mentioned in the Directive Principles of State Policy before the 73rd and 74th Amendments.
Explanation
The text mentions, 'When the Constitution was prepared, the subject of local government was assigned to the States. It was also mentioned in the Directive Principles as one of the policy directives to all governments in the country.' It further clarifies that this provision was non-justiciable and primarily advisory.
Why did the subject of local government not receive adequate importance in the Constitution's initial drafting, according to the text?
Hint: Consider the challenges and concerns faced by the Constituent Assembly during the time of India's Partition and nation-building.
Answer
The turmoil due to Partition led to a strong unitary inclination, and concerns about extreme localism threatening unity, along with fears of factionalism and caste-ridden rural society, contributed to local government not receiving adequate importance.
Explanation
The text provides two main reasons: 'Firstly, the turmoil due to the Partition resulted in a strong unitary inclination in the Constitution. Nehru himself looked upon extreme localism as a threat to unity and integration of the nation. Secondly, there was a powerful voice in the Constituent Assembly led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar which felt that the faction and caste-ridden nature of rural society would defeat the noble purpose of local government at the rural level.'
In which year did the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments come into force?
Hint: Recall the specific year mentioned for the implementation of these landmark amendments.
Answer
The 73rd and 74th Amendments came into force in 1993.
Explanation
The document explicitly states: 'The 73rd and 74th Amendments came into force in 1993.'
The 73rd Amendment primarily deals with which type of local government institutions?
Hint: Distinguish between the rural and urban focus of the two amendments.
Answer
The 73rd Amendment is about rural local governments, also known as Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
Explanation
The text clearly differentiates: 'The 73rd Amendment is about rural local governments (which are also known as Panchayati Raj Institutions or PRIs) and the 74th amendment made the provisions relating to urban local government (Nagarpalikas).'
The 74th Amendment primarily deals with which type of local government institutions?
Hint: Recall which amendment focused on urban areas.
Answer
The 74th Amendment made provisions relating to urban local government, known as Nagarpalikas.
Explanation
The document states: 'The 73rd Amendment is about rural local governments... and the 74th amendment made the provisions relating to urban local government (Nagarpalikas).'
What is the uniform three-tier Panchayati Raj structure mandated by the 73rd Amendment?
Hint: Think about the levels of rural local governance, from village to district.
Answer
The uniform three-tier Panchayati Raj structure consists of the Gram Panchayat at the base, the Mandal (Block or Taluka) Panchayat at the intermediary level, and the Zilla Panchayat at the apex.
Explanation
The text describes the structure: 'At the base is the ‘Gram Panchayat‘... The intermediary level is the Mandal (also referred to as Block or Taluka)... At the apex is the Zilla Panchayat covering the entire rural area of the District.'
Which body, comprising all adult members registered as voters in the Panchayat area, was made mandatory by the 73rd Amendment?
Hint: Consider the assembly of all eligible voters at the village level.
Answer
The 73rd Amendment made a provision for the mandatory creation of the Gram Sabha, which comprises all adult members registered as voters in the Panchayat area.
Explanation
The text states: 'The amendment also made a provision for the mandatory creation of the Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha would comprise all the adult members registered as voters in the Panchayat area.'
What is the fixed term of office for each Panchayat body under the 73rd Amendment?
Hint: Recall the standard duration for local body elections.
Answer
The term of each Panchayat body is five years.
Explanation
The document specifies: 'The term of each Panchayat body is five years.'
If a State government dissolves a Panchayat before its five-year term ends, fresh elections must be held within what timeframe?
Hint: Think about the constitutional provision ensuring timely re-establishment of elected local bodies.
Answer
Fresh elections must be held within six months of such dissolution.
Explanation
The text states: 'If the State government dissolves the Panchayat before the end of its five year term, fresh elections must be held within six months of such dissolution.'
What proportion of positions in all Panchayat institutions are reserved for women as per the 73rd Amendment?
Hint: Recall the specific fraction mandated for women's representation.
Answer
One third of the positions in all Panchayat institutions are reserved for women.
Explanation
The document clearly states: 'One third of the positions in all panchayat institutions are reserved for women.'
How are reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes provided for in Panchayats, according to the 73rd Amendment?
Hint: Think about how representation is ensured for these groups based on their demographic presence.
Answer
Reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are provided for at all three levels of Panchayats in proportion to their population.
Explanation
The text specifies: 'Reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are also provided for at all the three levels, in proportion to their population.'
What does the text state about the applicability of reservations for women, SC, ST, and OBCs in Panchayats?
Hint: Consider the comprehensive nature of reservations, including leadership roles and sub-categories.
Answer
Reservations apply not merely to ordinary members but also to the positions of Chairpersons or 'Adhyakshas' at all three levels. Furthermore, women's reservation applies within all categories (general, SC, ST, OBC).
Explanation
The document clarifies: 'It is important to note that these reservations apply not merely to ordinary members in Panchayats but also to the positions of Chairpersons or ‘Adhyakshas‘ at all the three levels. Further, reservation of one-third of the seats for women is not merely in the general category of seats but also within the seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and backward castes.'
How many subjects were identified and listed in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution for transfer to Panchayati Raj institutions?
Hint: Recall the specific number of subjects dedicated to rural local bodies.
Answer
Twenty-nine subjects were identified and listed in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution for transfer to Panchayati Raj institutions.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'Twenty-nine subjects, which were earlier in the State list of subjects, are identified and listed in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution. These subjects are to be transferred to the Panchayati Raj institutions.'
What type of functions are the subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule mostly linked to?
Hint: Consider the typical responsibilities of local governments.
Answer
The subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule were mostly linked to development and welfare functions at the local level, such as agriculture, minor irrigation, rural housing, drinking water, education, and health.
Explanation
The document explains: 'These subjects were mostly linked to development and welfare functions at the local level.' The list provided includes items like Agriculture, Minor irrigation, Rural housing, Drinking water, Education, Health and sanitation, Poverty alleviation programme, and Public distribution system, all of which are local development and welfare concerns.
Which autonomous body is responsible for conducting elections to Panchayati Raj institutions?
Hint: Recall the specific independent officer created by the amendments for local elections.
Answer
The State government is required to appoint a State Election Commissioner who would be responsible for conducting elections to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This office is autonomous.
Explanation
The text states: 'The State government is required to appoint a State Election Commissioner who would be responsible for conducting elections to the Panchayati Raj institutions.' It further clarifies that 'the office of the State Election Commissioner is autonomous like the Election Commissioner of India.'
How often is a State Finance Commission required to be appointed to examine the financial position of local governments?
Hint: Think about the periodicity of this financial review body.
Answer
The State government is required to appoint a State Finance Commission once in five years.
Explanation
The document mentions: 'The State government is also required to appoint a State Finance Commission once in five years.'
What is a key function of the State Finance Commission concerning local governments?
Hint: Consider its role in ensuring financial stability and equitable sharing of resources.
Answer
The State Finance Commission examines the financial position of local governments and reviews the distribution of revenues between the State and local governments.
Explanation
The text states: 'This Commission would examine the financial position of the local governments in the State. It would also review the distribution of revenues between the State and local governments on the one hand and between rural and urban local governments on the other.'
What was the primary recommendation of the P.K. Thungon Committee in 1989 regarding local government bodies?
Hint: Recall the major change in status proposed for local governments by this committee.
Answer
The P.K. Thungon Committee recommended constitutional recognition for the local government bodies, along with provisions for periodic elections, appropriate functions, and funds.
Explanation
The document states: 'In 1989 the P.K.Thungon Committee recommended constitutional recognition for the local government bodies. A constitutional amendment to provide for periodic elections to local government institutions, and enlistment of appropriate functions to them, along with funds, was recommended.'
What significant change did the 73rd and 74th amendments bring about regarding the structure of Panchayati Raj and Nagarpalika institutions across the country?
Hint: Consider the effect of these national amendments on the diverse local government systems previously existing in states.
Answer
The 73rd and 74th amendments created uniformity in the structures of Panchayati Raj and Nagarpalika institutions across the country.
Explanation
The text highlights this impact: 'The 73rd and 74th amendments have created uniformity in the structures of Panchayati Raj and Nagarpalika institutions across the country.' This was a key aim of the amendments.
The refusal of the Vengaivasal Gram Panchayat to pass a resolution endorsing land allotment, and its subsequent legal fight, primarily exemplifies which aspect of local government?
Hint: Think about what the Panchayat was trying to achieve by resisting the Collector's order and going to court.
Answer
The Vengaivasal Gram Panchayat's actions exemplify the potential of local governments to protect local interests and ensure accountability by challenging higher authorities when their constitutional powers are infringed.
Explanation
The story of Vengaivasal village demonstrates how a Gram Panchayat can actively defend its rights and local interests, even against higher authorities, thereby ensuring accountability and the meaningful exercise of its constitutional status. The Division Bench upheld this, stating the government order was 'infringement of the powers of the Panchayats' and 'a gross violation of the constitutional status of the Panchayats.'
According to the text, what is a major challenge faced by local governments in India, particularly regarding their autonomy and effectiveness?
Hint: Consider the practical obstacles that prevent local bodies from fully exercising their mandated roles.
Answer
Local governments in India face challenges due to limited autonomy to perform assigned functions, largely because many States have not transferred most subjects to them, and they have very little funds of their own, leading to financial dependence.
Explanation
The text states: 'The experience with the functioning of local government in the past decade has shown that local governments in India enjoy limited autonomy to perform the functions assigned to them. Many States have not transferred most of the subjects to the local bodies. This means that the local bodies cannot really function in an effective manner.' It also mentions, 'Local bodies have very little funds of their own. The dependence of local bodies on the State and central governments for financial support has greatly eroded their capacity to operate effectively.'
What is a significant reason for the financial dependence of local bodies on State and central governments?
Hint: Think about the balance between revenue generation and expenditure for local bodies.
Answer
Local bodies are financially dependent because they raise only a small fraction of total revenues but account for a much larger percentage of total government expenditure, meaning they spend more than they earn.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'While rural local bodies raise 0.24% of the total revenues collected, they account for 4% of the total expenditure made by the government. So they earn much less than they spend. That makes them dependent on those who give them grants.'
According to the Census of India, what is the minimum population required for an area to be defined as urban?
Hint: Recall the population threshold for an area to be considered urban.
Answer
The Census of India defines an urban area as having a minimum population of 5,000.
Explanation
The text lists the Census definition: '(i) a minimum population of 5,000; (ii) at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural occupations and (iii) a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.'
What percentage of the male working population must be engaged in non-agricultural occupations for an area to be classified as urban by the Census of India?
Hint: Think about the economic activity criterion for urban classification.
Answer
At least 75 per cent of male working population must be engaged in non-agricultural occupations for an area to be classified as urban by the Census of India.
Explanation
The text lists the Census definition: '(i) a minimum population of 5,000; (ii) at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural occupations and (iii) a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.'
What is the minimum population density (persons per sq. km.) required for an area to be defined as urban by the Census of India?
Hint: Recall the density criterion for urban classification.
Answer
A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. is required for an area to be defined as urban by the Census of India.
Explanation
The text lists the Census definition: '(i) a minimum population of 5,000; (ii) at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural occupations and (iii) a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.'
In which year was a separate act passed to extend the provisions of the Panchayat system to areas inhabited by Adivasi populations?
Hint: Recall the specific year of the act for tribal areas.
Answer
In 1996, a separate act was passed extending the provisions of the Panchayat system to areas inhabited by the Adivasi populations in many States of India.
Explanation
The document states: 'The provisions of the 73rd amendment were not made applicable to the areas inhabited by the Adivasi populations in many States of India. In 1996, a separate act was passed extending the provisions of the Panchayat system to these areas.'
What was the primary purpose of the 1996 act extending Panchayat provisions to Adivasi areas?
Hint: Consider the balance between traditional practices and modern democratic structures for these communities.
Answer
The 1996 act aimed to protect the rights of Adivasi communities to manage their resources in ways acceptable to them, consistent with their traditional customs of self-government, while also introducing modern elected bodies.
Explanation
The text explains the purpose: 'Many Adivasi communities have their traditional customs of managing common resources such as forests and small water reservoirs, etc. Therefore, the new act protects the rights of these communities to manage their resources in ways acceptable to them. For this purpose, more powers are given to the Gram Sabhas of these areas and elected village panchayats have to get the consent of the Gram Sabha in many respects. The idea behind this act is that local traditions of self government should be protected while introducing modern elected bodies.'
How have the reservations for women and Scheduled Castes/Tribes affected the social profile of local bodies in India?
Hint: Think about the demographic changes in leadership positions due to these reservations.
Answer
Reservations for women and SC/STs have significantly altered the social profile of local bodies, making them more representative of the social reality they operate within.
Explanation
The document notes: 'This has significantly altered the social profile of local bodies. These bodies have thus become more representative of the social reality they operate within.' This is a direct consequence of the mandated reservations.
The initial reluctance to give significant constitutional importance to local governments, as articulated by Nehru and Ambedkar, stemmed from concerns about what?
Hint: Recall the specific fears or reservations expressed by these leaders regarding the potential downsides of local self-governance in the Indian context.
Answer
Nehru was concerned about extreme localism threatening national unity and integration, while Ambedkar feared that the faction and caste-ridden nature of rural society would undermine the noble purpose of local government.
Explanation
The text explains: 'Firstly, the turmoil due to the Partition resulted in a strong unitary inclination in the Constitution. Nehru himself looked upon extreme localism as a threat to unity and integration of the nation. Secondly, there was a powerful voice in the Constituent Assembly led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar which felt that the faction and caste-ridden nature of rural society would defeat the noble purpose of local government at the rural level.'
What was the 'Community Development Programme' launched in 1952 primarily aimed at?
Hint: Consider its name and the general focus of early post-independence development initiatives.
Answer
The Community Development Programme in 1952 sought to promote people’s participation in local development in a range of activities.
Explanation
The document mentions: 'First in the line was the Community Development Programme in 1952, which sought to promote people’s participation in local development in a range of activities.'
Why did States have to change their laws about local bodies after the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments came into force?
Hint: Think about the supremacy of constitutional amendments over existing state laws.
Answer
Although local government is a 'State subject,' once the Constitution was amended, States were mandated to change their laws to conform with the new constitutional provisions.
Explanation
The text explains: 'We have noticed earlier that local government is a ‘State subject‘. States are free to make their own laws on this subject. But once the Constitution was amended, the States had to change their laws about local bodies in order to bring these in conformity with the amended Constitution. They were given one year’s time for making necessary changes in their respective State laws in the light of these amendments.'
If a Gram Panchayat needs to make a decision about managing common resources in an Adivasi area, what additional step is often required according to the 1996 act?
Hint: Recall the specific empowerment given to the Gram Sabha in these special areas.
Answer
In Adivasi areas, the 1996 act gives more powers to the Gram Sabhas, and elected village panchayats must often get the consent of the Gram Sabha in many respects, especially concerning resource management.
Explanation
The text states: 'For this purpose, more powers are given to the Gram Sabhas of these areas and elected village panchayats have to get the consent of the Gram Sabha in many respects.' This ensures traditional self-governance is protected.
The quote 'The independence of India should mean the independence of the whole of India…Independence must begin at the bottom. Thus every village will be a republic...' by Mahatma Gandhi primarily advocates for what?
Hint: Focus on the phrase 'Independence must begin at the bottom' and 'every village will be a republic'.
Answer
Mahatma Gandhi's quote powerfully advocates for radical decentralisation of power, where independence and self-governance begin at the grassroots level, making every village a self-sustained republic.
Explanation
This quote directly reflects Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of decentralisation, where true independence and democracy are realized when power is vested in the lowest units of society, enabling villages to be self-governing and self-reliant. This is the essence of 'bottom-up' governance.
Despite the 73rd and 74th Amendments, what is a common criticism regarding the real impact of local bodies on decision-making at central and state levels?
Hint: Consider whether the amendments truly shifted power dynamics upwards.
Answer
A criticism is that the formation of local bodies has not fundamentally changed how decisions are made at central and state levels, as local people still have limited power in choosing welfare programs or allocating resources.
Explanation
The text states: 'Some people criticise the formation of the local bodies because this has not changed the way in which decisions are taken at the central and the State level. People at the local level do not enjoy much powers of choosing welfare programmes or allocation of resources.' This highlights the gap between theory and practice.
The statement that 'local governments in India enjoy limited autonomy to perform the functions assigned to them' is primarily due to what factor mentioned in the text?
Hint: Think about the practical barriers to local bodies exercising their full potential.
Answer
Limited autonomy stems from the fact that many States have not transferred most of the 29 subjects to local bodies, and local bodies have very little funds of their own, making them financially dependent.
Explanation
The text explicitly links limited autonomy to two factors: 'Many States have not transferred most of the subjects to the local bodies. This means that the local bodies cannot really function in an effective manner.' And 'Local bodies have very little funds of their own. The dependence of local bodies on the State and central governments for financial support has greatly eroded their capacity to operate effectively.'
Which schedule of the Constitution lists the functions transferred to urban local bodies (Nagarpalikas) by the 74th Amendment?
Hint: Recall the schedule associated with urban local government functions.
Answer
The functions transferred to urban local bodies (Nagarpalikas) by the 74th Amendment are listed in the Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution.
Explanation
The document states: 'The Constitution also mandated the transfer of a list of functions from the State government to the urban local bodies. These functions have been listed in the Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution.'
The text mentions that 'strengthening local government is like strengthening democratic processes.' What is the underlying reason for this connection?
Hint: Think about the core principles of democracy and how local government facilitates them.
Answer
Strengthening local government strengthens democratic processes by enabling common citizens to be directly involved in decision-making concerning their lives and ensuring active participation and purposeful accountability.
Explanation
The text explains: 'Democracy is about meaningful participation. It is also about accountability. Strong and vibrant local governments ensure both active participation and purposeful accountability.' It further adds, 'It is at the level of local government that common citizens can be involved in decision making concerning their lives, their needs and above all their development.'
What were the early self-governing village communities in India known as from the earliest times?
Hint: Recall the ancient term for village gatherings or assemblies.
Answer
Self-governing village communities existed in India from the earliest times in the form of 'sabhas' (village assemblies).
Explanation
The document states: 'It is believed that self-governing village communities existed in India from the earliest times in the form of ‘sabhas’ (village assemblies).' These later took the shape of Panchayats.
The text notes that the presence of newly empowered groups in local bodies sometimes leads to 'tensions.' Why is this considered a natural outcome in the context of democracy?
Hint: Consider the dynamics of power shifts and resistance to change in a democratic system.
Answer
Tensions arise because dominant social groups, who previously controlled villages, do not wish to relinquish their power, leading to a struggle as democracy becomes more meaningful and power is given to those who previously lacked it.
Explanation
The text explains: 'Sometimes this leads to tensions. The dominant social groups which controlled the village earlier do not wish to give up their power. This leads to intensification of struggle for power. But tension and struggle is not always bad. Whenever there is an attempt to make democracy more meaningful and give power to those who did not enjoy it earlier, there is bound to be some conflict and tension in society.'
Before the 73rd amendment, the task of conducting local elections was performed by the State administration. How did the amendment change this?
Hint: Think about the creation of a new, independent authority for local elections.
Answer
The 73rd amendment mandated the appointment of a State Election Commissioner, an autonomous officer, specifically responsible for conducting elections to Panchayati Raj institutions, thereby removing this task from direct State administration control.
Explanation
The text explains the change: 'The State government is required to appoint a State Election Commissioner who would be responsible for conducting elections to the Panchayati Raj institutions. Earlier, this task was performed by the State administration which was under the control of the State government. Now, the office of the State Election Commissioner is autonomous like the Election Commissioner of India.'
The State Finance Commission's role in reviewing the distribution of revenues between State and local governments is intended to prevent what?
Hint: Consider the benefit of an independent body making recommendations on financial matters.
Answer
The innovation of the State Finance Commission ensures that the allocation of funds to rural local governments will not be a political matter, but rather based on an objective review of financial positions.
Explanation
The text states: 'This innovation ensures that allocation of funds to the rural local governments will not be a political matter.' The Commission's role is to objectively examine financial positions and recommend revenue distribution.
Geeta Rathore's success in renovating water tanks and building a school in Jamonia Talab exemplifies which key benefit of local government?
Hint: Focus on her proactive role and the tangible improvements she brought to her village.
Answer
Geeta Rathore's actions demonstrate how local leaders, through their proactive roles and understanding of local needs, can mobilize community efforts and bring significant development and welfare changes.
Explanation
The story of Geeta Rathore highlights the effectiveness of local government: 'In the story of Geeta Rathore, we noticed that she was able to bring about a significant change in Jamonia Talab because of her pro-active role as Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat.' She 'harnessed the collective energy of her Panchayat to renovate water tanks, build a school building, construct village roads...'
The text contrasts the Brazilian constitutional model for local government with India's. What is a key difference highlighted regarding the powers of municipal councils in Brazil?
Hint: Compare the level of autonomy and protection given to local bodies in Brazil versus the challenges faced in India.
Answer
In Brazil, municipal councils are assigned independent powers and jurisdiction, and states are prohibited from interfering in their affairs (except on constitutional grounds), providing strong protection for local government powers.
Explanation
The text explains: 'The Constitution of Brazil has created States, Federal Districts and Municipal Councils. Each of these is assigned independent powers and jurisdiction. Just as the Republic cannot interfere in the affairs of the States (except on grounds provided by the constitution), states are prohibited from interfering in the affairs of the municipal councils. This provision protects the powers of the local government.' This contrasts with India's situation where states still hold considerable sway.
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