11 NCERT CBSE Political Science 7 Nationalism
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Theme Analysis
Main ThemeNationalism and Nationhood
Subject CategoryPolitical Science
Key Concepts
Question FocusQuestions test understanding of nationalism's dual nature, the definition and characteristics of a nation, the complexities of national self-determination, the importance of political over cultural identity in democracies, and the critique of narrow nationalism. Questions vary in difficulty and Bloom's taxonomy levels, covering recall, understanding, analysis, and application.
What is a common initial understanding of nationalism that people often associate with the term, according to the text?
Hint: Think about initial, surface-level associations mentioned in the introduction.
Answer
The text states that a quick poll would likely yield responses talking about patriotism, national flags, sacrificing for the country, and the like.
Explanation
The introductory section of the chapter notes that common understanding of nationalism often includes patriotism, national flags, and sacrificing for the country. While other options relate to nationalism, they represent deeper or more complex aspects rather than the initial common understanding mentioned.
How does the text primarily define a nation?
Hint: Recall the unique characteristic the text uses to describe a nation, distinguishing it from other groups.
Answer
The text defines a nation as 'to a great extent an 'imagined' community, held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members.'
Explanation
The text explicitly states that 'A nation is to a great extent an 'imagined' community, held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members.' It differentiates nations from casual collections of people, families (which have face-to-face relationships), and points out that no single characteristic like language or race is common to all nations.
Which statement best summarizes the dual impact of nationalism on world affairs as described in the text?
Hint: Consider the contrasting effects of nationalism mentioned in the first section.
Answer
The text states that nationalism 'has inspired intense loyalties as well as deep hatreds. It has united people as well as divided them, helped to liberate them from oppressive rule as well as been the cause of conflict and bitterness and wars.'
Explanation
The text clearly outlines the paradoxical nature of nationalism, stating it 'has inspired intense loyalties as well as deep hatreds. It has united people as well as divided them, helped to liberate them from oppressive rule as well as been the cause of conflict and bitterness and wars.' This captures the dual impact better than the other options.
The unification of a number of small kingdoms into larger nation-states in 19th-century Europe, such as the formation of present-day German and Italian states, is cited as an example of nationalism leading to what outcome?
Hint: Think about what happened to the 'small kingdoms' when Germany and Italy were formed.
Answer
The text mentions that in the 19th century Europe, nationalism 'led to the unification of a number of small kingdoms into larger nation-states. The present day German and Italian states were formed through such a process of unification and consolidation.'
Explanation
The text explicitly states that in 19th-century Europe, nationalism led to the unification of small kingdoms into larger nation-states, forming the German and Italian states through 'unification and consolidation.' This process also involved the consolidation of local loyalties into state loyalties and common languages, leading to a new political identity based on membership of the nation-state.
According to the text, which of the following is a fundamental assumption or characteristic upon which a nation is based?
Hint: Recall what the text says about the 'imagined' nature of a nation and what holds it together.
Answer
The text identifies 'Shared Beliefs' as the first assumption, stating 'A nation exists when its members believe that they belong together.'
Explanation
The text lists 'Shared Beliefs' as the first assumption, explaining that 'A nation exists when its members believe that they belong together.' It clarifies that nations are not defined by universal common language, religion, or descent, and members do not necessarily have face-to-face interactions.
Canada is mentioned as an example in the text to illustrate which point about nations?
Hint: Think about the linguistic diversity mentioned for Canada.
Answer
The text states, 'Many nations do not have a common language, Canada is an example here. Canada includes English speaking as well as French speaking peoples.'
Explanation
The text uses Canada as a prime example to counter the belief that nations must have a common language, noting its English-speaking and French-speaking populations. This highlights the linguistic diversity that can exist within a nation.
The text distinguishes a nation from other groups like families, tribes, or clans primarily by what characteristic?
Hint: Consider the scale and nature of personal connection within a nation compared to smaller kinship groups.
Answer
The text states, 'But as a member of a nation we may never come face to face with most of our fellow nationals nor need we share ties of descent with them.'
Explanation
The text explicitly states that unlike families (face-to-face relationships) or tribes/clans (ties of marriage/descent), members of a nation 'may never come face to face with most of our fellow nationals nor need we share ties of descent with them.' This emphasizes the 'imagined' and abstract nature of national belonging over direct personal ties.
When the text describes a nation as an 'imagined' community, what does it primarily imply?
Hint: Focus on the internal, subjective elements that bind members of a nation.
Answer
The text states, 'A nation is to a great extent an ‘imagined’ community, held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members.'
Explanation
The term 'imagined community' as used in the text signifies that a nation's existence is largely dependent on the shared mental constructs, collective beliefs, aspirations, and imaginations of its members. It's not about being fictional, but about a common mental framework that allows people who may never meet to feel connected.
What role do 'shared beliefs' play in constituting a nation, according to the text?
Hint: Consider how shared beliefs contribute to a group's sense of 'oneness' and purpose.
Answer
The text explains that 'To speak of a people as a nation is not to make a comment about their physical characteristics or behaviour. Rather, it is to refer to the collective identity and vision for the future of a group which aspires to have an independent political existence.'
Explanation
The text emphasizes that shared beliefs are crucial for a nation, referring to 'the collective identity and vision for the future of a group which aspires to have an independent political existence.' It compares this to a team, where members conceive of themselves as a collective group, suggesting that a nation exists when its members believe they belong together.
How do nations typically articulate a 'sense of continuing historical identity'?
Hint: Think about the resources groups use to construct their shared past.
Answer
The text states, 'They articulate for themselves a sense of their own history by drawing on collective memories, legends, historical records, to outline the continuing identity of the nation.'
Explanation
Nations perceive themselves as having a continuous history, stretching from the past into the future. They achieve this by 'drawing on collective memories, legends, historical records, to outline the continuing identity of the nation,' creating a shared narrative of their origin and journey.
Jawaharlal Nehru's writings on India's ancient civilization and cultural heritage are used in the text to exemplify which aspect of nationhood?
Hint: Consider what Nehru's work, 'The Discovery of India,' sought to establish about India's past.
Answer
The text mentions that 'nationalists in India invoked its ancient civilisation and cultural heritage and other achievements to claim that India has had a long and continuing history as a civilisation and that this civilisational continuity and unity is the basis of the Indian nation. Jawaharlal Nehru, for instance, wrote in his book The Discovery of India...' illustrating this point.
Explanation
Nehru's work, 'The Discovery of India,' is cited as an example of how nationalists invoke ancient civilization and cultural heritage to establish a 'long and continuing history as a civilisation' and claim this continuity and unity as 'the basis of the Indian nation.' This directly relates to the concept of a shared historical identity.
What special significance does a 'particular territory' hold for a nation, as described in the text?
Hint: Think about the emotional and identity-forming role of land for a nation.
Answer
The text states, 'Sharing a common past and living together on a particular territory over a long period of time gives people a sense of their collective identity. It helps them to imagine themselves as one people. It is therefore not surprising that people who see themselves as a nation speak of a homeland.'
Explanation
The text emphasizes that identifying with a particular territory over a long period contributes to a 'sense of their collective identity' and helps people 'imagine themselves as one people.' This territory becomes their 'homeland' and holds special significance, often referred to as motherland, fatherland, or holy land.
Beyond shared history and territory, what distinguishes groups that aspire to be nations, according to the text?
Hint: Consider what a group aims for politically when it sees itself as a nation.
Answer
The text states, 'while territory and shared historical identity play an important role in creating a sense of oneness, it is a shared vision of the future and the collective aspiration to have an independent political existence that distinguishes groups from nations.'
Explanation
The text highlights that 'a shared vision of the future and the collective aspiration to have an independent political existence' is a crucial distinguishing factor for nations. Members share a vision of the state they want to build, affirming values like democracy, secularism, and liberalism, which represent their political identity.
In a democracy, what is considered the most desirable basis for a political community or a nation-state?
Hint: Think about the principles that underpin a democratic society.
Answer
The text states, 'In a democracy, it is shared commitment to a set of political values and ideals that is the most desirable basis of a political community or a nation-state.'
Explanation
The text explicitly argues that 'In a democracy, it is shared commitment to a set of political values and ideals that is the most desirable basis of a political community or a nation-state.' This emphasizes the political identity based on shared principles like democracy, secularism, and liberalism over cultural commonalities.
According to the text, what is presented as the strongest test of loyalty to the nation?
Hint: Consider the relationship between rights and duties within a political community.
Answer
The text states, 'We might even say that recognition of this framework of obligations is the strongest test of loyalty to the nation.'
Explanation
The text links loyalty to the nation with the recognition of obligations. It states that these obligations arise from 'the recognition of the rights of each other as citizens' and that acknowledging this framework of obligations is 'the strongest test of loyalty to the nation.'
Why does the text argue against forging a national identity solely on a common religion in a democracy?
Hint: Think about the internal variations within religions and the potential societal consequences of ignoring them.
Answer
The text explains that 'all major religions in the world are internally diverse... If we ignore these differences and forge an identity on the basis of a common religion we are likely to create a highly authoritative and oppressive society.'
Explanation
The text provides two reasons. One is that 'all major religions in the world are internally diverse. They have survived and evolved through a dialogue within the community. As a result there exists within each religion a number of sects who differ significantly in their interpretation of the religious texts and norms. If we ignore these differences and forge an identity on the basis of a common religion we are likely to create a highly authoritative and oppressive society.'
What is another reason mentioned for why imposing a single linguistic identity as a condition of belonging is problematic for democracies?
Hint: Consider the demographic reality of most modern societies and the core values of democracy.
Answer
The text states, 'Two, most societies are culturally diverse. They have people belonging to different religions and languages living together in the same territory. To impose a single religious or linguistic identity as a condition of belonging to a particular state would necessarily exclude some groups. It might restrict the religious liberty of the excluded group or disadvantage those who do not speak the national language. Either way, the ideal that we cherish most in democracy – namely, equal treatment and liberty for all – would be severely limited.'
Explanation
The second reason given is that 'most societies are culturally diverse. They have people belonging to different religions and languages living together in the same territory. To impose a single religious or linguistic identity as a condition of belonging to a particular state would necessarily exclude some groups. It might restrict the religious liberty of the excluded group or disadvantage those who do not speak the national language. Either way, the ideal that we cherish most in democracy – namely, equal treatment and liberty for all – would be severely limited.'
For democracies, what kind of identity is desirable to emphasize for the nation, rather than adherence to a particular religion, race, or language?
Hint: Think about what provides a stable and inclusive foundation for a diverse democratic state.
Answer
The text concludes, 'For both these reasons it is desirable to imagine the nation in political rather than cultural terms. That is, democracies need to emphasise and expect loyalty to a set of values that may be enshrined in the Constitution of the country rather than adherence to a particular religion, race or language.'
Explanation
Following the discussion on the problems of cultural identity, the text asserts that 'democracies need to emphasise and expect loyalty to a set of values that may be enshrined in the Constitution of the country rather than adherence to a particular religion, race or language.' This promotes a political identity that can encompass diverse cultural groups.
What do nations primarily seek when they assert the 'right to self-determination'?
Hint: Recall the basic meaning of 'self-determination'.
Answer
The text states, 'Nations, unlike other social groups, seek the right to govern themselves and determine their future development. They seek, in other words, the right to self-determination.'
Explanation
The text clearly defines national self-determination as the right of nations 'to govern themselves and determine their future development.' This involves seeking recognition as a distinct political entity or state.
The idea of 'one culture-one state' after World War I, despite aiming to satisfy self-determination demands, led to what significant negative consequence?
Hint: Think about the human cost and population movements associated with reorganizing borders based on cultural lines.
Answer
The text states that 're-organisation of state boundaries to satisfy the demands of one culture - one state, led to mass migration of population across state boundaries. Millions of people as a consequence were displaced from their homes and expelled from the land which had been their home for generations. Many others became victims of communal violence.'
Explanation
The text explains that the post-WWI re-organization of state boundaries based on the 'one culture-one state' notion, while attempting to satisfy self-determination, proved difficult and resulted in 'mass migration of population across state boundaries,' displacement, and 'communal violence.' It also failed to ensure newly created states contained only one ethnic community.
Since 1960, what kind of demands have even apparently stable nation-states been confronted by, often including demands for separate statehood?
Hint: Consider the type of movements that challenge existing state boundaries from within.
Answer
The text states, 'Since 1960, even apparently stable nation-states have been confronted by nationalist demands put forward by groups or regions and these may include demands for separate statehood.'
Explanation
The text points out that 'Since 1960, even apparently stable nation-states have been confronted by nationalist demands put forward by groups or regions and these may include demands for separate statehood.' This highlights the ongoing nature of nationalist challenges to existing state structures.
The Quebecois in Canada, Basques in northern Spain, and Kurds in Turkey and Iraq are cited as examples of what phenomenon?
Hint: These groups are mentioned in the context of challenges to existing state boundaries.
Answer
The text states, 'Such separatist movements have developed among the Quebecois in Canada, the Basques in northern Spain, the Kurds in Turkey and Iraq, and the Tamils in Sri Lanka, among others.'
Explanation
The text uses these groups as prominent examples of 'separatist movements' that 'threaten to divide existing states,' demonstrating that demands for self-determination continue to pose challenges to stable nation-states worldwide.
What paradoxical situation do many nation-states face regarding national self-determination today?
Hint: Consider the historical journey of many nation-states and their current stance on similar struggles within their own borders.
Answer
The text describes 'the paradoxical situation of nation-states which themselves had achieved independence through struggle now acting against minorities within their own territories who claim the right to national self-determination.'
Explanation
The text highlights a significant paradox: many nation-states gained their independence through nationalist struggles for self-determination, but now they 'acting against minorities within their own territories who claim the right to national self-determination.' This creates a dilemma for nearly every state in the world.
How has the right to national self-determination been reinterpreted in modern times, moving away from its initial understanding?
Hint: Think about the shift from creating new states to accommodating groups within existing ones.
Answer
The text states, 'The right has now been reinterpreted to mean granting certain democratic rights for a nationality within a state.'
Explanation
Initially, national self-determination was often understood as the right to independent statehood. However, recognizing the impracticality and negative consequences of creating too many small, non-viable states and multiplying minority problems, the right has been 'reinterpreted to mean granting certain democratic rights for a nationality within a state.'
What does the text suggest is the solution for problems arising from new claims for self-determination, instead of creating new states?
Hint: Consider the emphasis on internal reforms and inclusivity within existing state structures.
Answer
The text concludes, 'More and more people are beginning to realise that the solution does not lie in creating new states but in making existing states more democratic and equal. That is, in ensuring that people with different cultural and ethnic identities live and co-exist as partners and equal citizens within the country.'
Explanation
The text argues that the solution 'does not lie in creating new states but in making existing states more democratic and equal. That is, in ensuring that people with different cultural and ethnic identities live and co-exist as partners and equal citizens within the country.' This approach aims to address grievances without further fragmentation.
What becomes necessary once the idea of 'one-culture-one-state' is abandoned?
Hint: Think about the implications for cultural diversity within a state.
Answer
The text states, 'Once we abandon the idea of one-culture-one- state, it becomes necessary to consider ways by which different cultures and communities can survive and flourish within a country.'
Explanation
Recognizing the failures of the 'one-culture-one-state' model, the text asserts that the next logical step is 'to consider ways by which different cultures and communities can survive and flourish within a country.' This forms the basis for discussing pluralism and group rights.
The Indian constitution is mentioned for its elaborate provisions regarding what?
Hint: Recall the specific groups whose rights are protected in the Indian context.
Answer
The text states, 'The Indian constitution has an elaborate set of provisions for the protection of religious, linguistic and cultural minorities.'
Explanation
As an example of democratic societies introducing measures for pluralism, the text highlights that 'The Indian constitution has an elaborate set of provisions for the protection of religious, linguistic and cultural minorities.' This demonstrates a commitment to accommodating diverse identities.
How should national identity be defined in a pluralistic society to grant recognition to different groups?
Hint: Think about how a nation can embrace diversity while maintaining unity.
Answer
The text states, 'This means that the national identity has to be defined in an inclusive manner which can recognise the importance and unique contribution of all the cultural communities within the state.'
Explanation
To accommodate different groups and avoid separatist demands, the text suggests that 'the national identity has to be defined in an inclusive manner which can recognise the importance and unique contribution of all the cultural communities within the state.' This contrasts with homogenizing approaches.
What was Rabindranath Tagore's core critique of nationalism, as expressed in his quote?
Hint: Recall the famous quote provided from Tagore and its central message.
Answer
Tagore is quoted saying, 'Patriotism cannot be our final spiritual shelter; my refuge is humanity. I will not buy glass for the price of diamonds, and I will never allow patriotism to triumph over humanity as long as I live.'
Explanation
Tagore's quote directly states, 'Patriotism cannot be our final spiritual shelter; my refuge is humanity. I will not buy glass for the price of diamonds, and I will never allow patriotism to triumph over humanity as long as I live.' This clearly shows his prioritization of humanity over narrow patriotism.
Tagore made a distinction between opposing Western imperialism and what other stance?
Hint: Consider Tagore's view on learning from abroad while maintaining one's own culture.
Answer
The text states, 'Tagore made a distinction between opposing western imperialism and rejecting western civilisation.'
Explanation
Tagore, despite opposing Western imperialism, did not advocate for a complete rejection of Western civilization. He believed that 'while Indians should be rooted in their own culture and heritage, they should not resist learning freely and profitably from abroad.'
What was Tagore particularly afraid of regarding the independence movement's approach to Indian traditions and the West?
Hint: Think about the potential negative consequences of an overly narrow focus on 'Indian traditions' as perceived by Tagore.
Answer
The text states, 'In particular, he was afraid that a rejection of the west in favour of what looked like Indian traditions was not only limiting in itself; it could easily turn into hostility to other influences from abroad, including Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism and Islam which have been present in our country.'
Explanation
Tagore was critical of narrow expressions of nationalism. Specifically, he feared that 'a rejection of the west in favour of what looked like Indian traditions was not only limiting in itself; it could easily turn into hostility to other influences from abroad,' including diverse religions already present in India.
What does the text warn against allowing to develop in a democracy regarding identities and nationalism?
Hint: Consider the type of identity movements that can undermine democratic values like equality and liberty.
Answer
The text concludes, 'It would be dangerous if intolerant and homogenising forms of identity and nationalism are allowed to develop.'
Explanation
The text explicitly warns that 'It would be dangerous if intolerant and homogenising forms of identity and nationalism are allowed to develop.' This is because such forms can lead to divisions, violence, and limit the liberty and equal treatment cherished in a democracy.
In a democracy, what should the political identity of a citizen encompass?
Hint: Think about how a democratic state can be inclusive of its diverse population.
Answer
The text states, 'In a democracy the political identity of citizen should encompass the different identities which people may have.'
Explanation
To prevent divisions and ensure loyalty, the text argues that 'In a democracy the political identity of citizen should encompass the different identities which people may have.' This implies that a citizen can hold multiple identities (gender, caste, religion, language, region) while still being part of the national political identity.
What unique characteristic of the Basque region is highlighted as a basis for its nationalist demands?
Hint: Recall the cultural and linguistic differences highlighted in the Basque example.
Answer
The text states, 'Basque Nationalists say that their culture is very different from the Spanish culture. They have their own language that does not resemble Spanish at all.'
Explanation
In the Basque case study, a key argument for their nationalist demands is that 'their culture is very different from the Spanish culture. They have their own language that does not resemble Spanish at all,' along with its distinct hilly terrain and historical autonomy.
The modern Basque Nationalist Movement started when Spanish rulers tried to abolish what?
Hint: Think about the historical autonomy of the Basque region and what actions by Spanish rulers triggered the movement.
Answer
The text states, 'The modern Basque Nationalist Movement started when, around the end of nineteenth century, the Spanish rulers tried to abolish this unique political-administrative arrangement.'
Explanation
The modern Basque Nationalist Movement was ignited when, 'around the end of nineteenth century, the Spanish rulers tried to abolish this unique political-administrative arrangement' which governed its systems of justice, administration, and finance, and had been maintained since Roman times.
According to the text, why is nationalism an important subject to study?
Hint: Consider the broad impact of nationalism on global events and historical development.
Answer
The text states, 'Nationalism needs to be studied because it plays such an important role in world affairs. During the last two centuries or more, nationalism has emerged as one of the most compelling of political creeds which has helped to shape history.'
Explanation
The text emphasizes the importance of studying nationalism because 'it plays such an important role in world affairs' and 'has emerged as one of the most compelling of political creeds which has helped to shape history,' inspiring loyalties and hatreds, and leading to both unification and division.
Despite the age of globalisation and the idea of a 'global village,' what does the text assert about nationalism?
Hint: Recall the text's direct statement about nationalism's status in the current globalized world.
Answer
The text states, 'That’s not the case. Nationalism is still relevant.' and gives examples like Indian cricket team and Bollywood films.
Explanation
The text directly addresses the common misconception that 'Nations are irrelevant' in the age of globalization, stating, 'That’s not the case. Nationalism is still relevant.' It provides examples like support for national sports teams and cultural ties (Bollywood films) among diaspora communities to illustrate this.
Which empires are mentioned as having broken up in the early twentieth century, partly due to nationalism?
Hint: Focus on the European empires mentioned in the early 20th century context.
Answer
The text mentions, 'nationalism also accompanied and contributed to the break up of large empires such as the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires in the early twentieth century in Europe as well as the break-up of the British, French, Dutch and Portuguese empires in Asia and Africa.'
Explanation
The text specifically states that nationalism 'contributed to the break up of large empires such as the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires in the early twentieth century in Europe,' among others like the British, French, Dutch, and Portuguese empires in Asia and Africa.
How does the text describe the nature of loyalty to the nation in terms of obligations?
Hint: Think about the reciprocal relationship between citizens' rights and duties within a nation.
Answer
The text states, 'These obligations arise from the recognition of the rights of each other as citizens. A nation is strengthened when its people acknowledge and accept their obligations to their fellow members. We might even say that recognition of this framework of obligations is the strongest test of loyalty to the nation.'
Explanation
The text defines loyalty not just as a feeling, but as an active commitment. It states that 'A nation is strengthened when its people acknowledge and accept their obligations to their fellow members,' and these obligations 'arise from the recognition of the rights of each other as citizens.' This mutual recognition of rights and obligations forms the basis of loyalty.
Beyond mass migration, what other negative outcome resulted from the effort to re-organize boundaries based on 'one culture-one state' after WWI?
Hint: Recall the human suffering mentioned in the context of post-WWI border re-organization.
Answer
The text states, 'Millions of people as a consequence were displaced from their homes and expelled from the land which had been their home for generations. Many others became victims of communal violence.'
Explanation
The text explicitly mentions that after WWI, the re-organization of boundaries based on 'one culture-one state' not only led to mass migration but also resulted in 'Millions of people as a consequence were displaced from their homes and expelled... Many others became victims of communal violence.' This underscores the heavy human price paid for this approach.
If differences within religions are ignored and identity is forged on a common religion, what is a likely consequence in society, according to the text?
Hint: Consider the potential for suppression and lack of freedom if internal diversity within a religion is disregarded.
Answer
The text states, 'If we ignore these differences and forge an identity on the basis of a common religion we are likely to create a highly authoritative and oppressive society.'
Explanation
The text warns that because religions are internally diverse, ignoring these differences to forge a common religious identity 'is likely to create a highly authoritative and oppressive society.' This outcome directly threatens the democratic values of liberty and equal treatment.
In a democracy, where should the set of values that demand loyalty primarily be enshrined?
Hint: Think about the foundational legal document that defines a democratic state's principles.
Answer
The text states, 'democracies need to emphasise and expect loyalty to a set of values that may be enshrined in the Constitution of the country rather than adherence to a particular religion, race or language.'
Explanation
To ensure an inclusive and stable national identity in a democracy, the text argues for emphasizing 'loyalty to a set of values that may be enshrined in the Constitution of the country.' This provides a common political framework that transcends specific cultural or religious affiliations.
What was a primary goal that inspired most national liberation movements in Asia and Africa?
Hint: Consider the core motivations for seeking freedom from colonial rule.
Answer
The text states, 'Most national liberation movements were inspired by the goal of bringing justice and rights and prosperity to the nation.'
Explanation
National liberation movements in Asia and Africa, driven by nationalism, aimed to achieve political independence, dignity, and recognition for their colonized people. Their overarching goal was 'bringing justice and rights and prosperity to the nation,' reflecting the positive aspirations associated with self-determination.
Why might granting independent statehood to every group that sees itself as a distinct cultural group or nation be undesirable, even if possible?
Hint: Think about the practical and logistical challenges of infinite state creation.
Answer
The text states, 'But not only would it be impossible to grant independent statehood to every group that sees itself as a distinct cultural group, or nation, it would probably also be undesirable. It might lead to the formation of a number of states too small to be economically and politically viable and it could multiply the problems of minorities.'
Explanation
The text argues against universal independent statehood, stating it 'would probably also be undesirable. It might lead to the formation of a number of states too small to be economically and politically viable and it could multiply the problems of minorities.' This highlights the practical limitations and potential negative consequences of such an approach.
What does the text emphasize about each person regarding identities?
Hint: Think about the various ways individuals can identify themselves.
Answer
The text states, 'We need to remember that each person has many identities. For instance, a person may have identities based on gender, caste, religion, language, or region, and may be proud of all of them.'
Explanation
The text explicitly states, 'We need to remember that each person has many identities. For instance, a person may have identities based on gender, caste, religion, language, or region, and may be proud of all of them.' This concept is crucial for understanding how to foster loyalty in diverse democracies without resorting to homogenizing forms of nationalism.
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