11 NCERT CBSE Political Science Chapter 7 FEDERALISM
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Theme Analysis
Main ThemeFederalism in India
Subject CategoryPolitical Science
Key Concepts
Question FocusThe questions cover the definition and core principles of federalism, its historical evolution in India, the specific provisions of the Indian Constitution regarding power division, the features contributing to a strong central government, and various issues and conflicts arising in Centre-State and inter-State relations, including special provisions for certain states. Questions are designed to test understanding, application, and analysis, with a mix of difficulty levels and Bloom's Taxonomy categories.
What is the primary institutional mechanism of federalism?
Hint: Think about how federalism distributes governmental authority across different levels.
Answer
Federalism is essentially an institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of polities—one at the regional level and the other at the national level, with each government being autonomous in its own sphere.
Explanation
The text defines federalism as an institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of polities—one at the regional level and the other at the national level, with each government being autonomous in its own sphere. This core concept distinguishes it from unitary or confederal systems.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a federal system, as described in the text?
Hint: Consider how conflicts over power division are resolved in a federal structure.
Answer
An independent judiciary to settle disputes between the central government and the States on legal matters about the division of power is a key characteristic of federalism.
Explanation
The text states that 'To prevent conflicts between the centre and the State, there is an independent judiciary to settle disputes. The judiciary has the powers to resolve disputes between the central government and the States on legal matters about the division of power.' Options A, B, and D contradict other aspects mentioned about federalism, such as the general presence of a written constitution, dual identities, and the common issue of financial dependency.
The breakup of the USSR is attributed to excessive centralisation and concentration of power. How does this example relate to the nature of federalism?
Hint: Reflect on what the text concludes about the USSR's failure despite being a federation.
Answer
The text uses the USSR example to show that even federations can break up, emphasizing that 'apart from adopting a federal constitution, the nature of that federal system and the practice of federalism must also be important factors' for unity.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that the USSR, despite being a federation, broke up due to 'excessive centralisation and concentration of power, and the domination of Russia over other regions.' It then asks, 'All the countries mentioned above, were federations. Yet they could not remain united. Therefore, apart from adopting a federal constitution, the nature of that federal system and the practice of federalism must also be important factors.' This clearly supports option B.
In a federal system, people typically have two sets of identities and loyalties. What are these two sets?
Hint: Consider the two levels of government present in a federal system.
Answer
People in a federal system have two sets of identities and loyalties—they belong to the region as well as the nation.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'The people likewise, have two sets of identities and loyalties—they belong to the region as well as the nation, for example we are Gujaratis or Jharkhandis as well as Indians.'
Why did the framers of the Indian Constitution decide to divide powers between provinces and the central government even before Independence?
Hint: Think about India's geographical and cultural characteristics at the time of independence.
Answer
The framers were aware that to govern a large country like India with its regional and linguistic diversity, it would be necessary to divide powers between provinces and the central government.
Explanation
The text states: 'Even before Independence, most leaders of our national movement were aware that to govern a large country like ours, it would be necessary to divide the powers between provinces and the central government. There was also awareness that Indian society had regional diversity and linguistic diversity. This diversity needed recognition.'
Which term does the Indian Constitution use to describe India in Article 1?
Hint: Recall the specific phrasing used in the Constitution's first article.
Answer
Article 1 of the Indian Constitution describes India as a 'Union of States'.
Explanation
The text explicitly quotes Article 1: '(1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.' It also notes that the Constitution does not even mention the word 'federation'.
If the Indian government needs to legislate on matters of national defense or currency, which list of subjects would grant the Union Legislature exclusive power to make laws?
Hint: Consider which list covers subjects of national importance.
Answer
The Union List includes subjects like Defence and Currency, on which the Union Legislature alone can make laws.
Explanation
The 'Constitution of India' chart explicitly lists 'Defence' and 'Currency & Coinage' under the Union List, stating 'Union Legislature alone can make laws on these matters.'
A State government wishes to enact a law concerning public health within its borders. On which list would this subject primarily fall, granting the State Legislature the power to legislate?
Hint: Think about which list covers matters of regional or local concern.
Answer
The State List includes subjects like Public Health, on which normally only the State Legislature can make laws.
Explanation
The 'Constitution of India' chart explicitly lists 'Public Health' under the State List, stating 'Normally only the State Legislature can make laws on these matters'.
If both the Union and State Legislatures want to make laws on a subject like Education, which list would apply?
Hint: Consider the list that allows shared legislative power.
Answer
The Concurrent List includes subjects like Education, on which both Union and State Legislatures can make laws.
Explanation
The 'Constitution of India' chart explicitly lists 'Education' under the Concurrent List, stating 'Both Union and State Legislature alone can make laws on these matters.'
Cyber laws, not specifically mentioned in the Union, State, or Concurrent Lists, fall under which category of legislative power?
Hint: Think about the category for subjects not explicitly assigned elsewhere.
Answer
Residuary Powers include all other matters not mentioned in any of the Lists, such as Cyber Laws, and the Union Legislature alone has the power to legislate on them.
Explanation
The 'Constitution of India' chart defines 'Residuary Powers' as including 'all other matters not mentioned in any of the Lists,' and specifically mentions 'Cyber Laws' as an example, with the Union Legislature having exclusive power to legislate.
What was a primary reason for the framers of the Indian Constitution to create a strong central government?
Hint: Consider the challenges India faced at independence, especially regarding unity and development.
Answer
The framers believed a strong center was necessary to stem disintegration and bring about social and political change in a country of continental dimensions with immense diversities and social problems.
Explanation
The text states: 'The framers of the Constitution believed that we required a federal constitution that would accommodate diversities. But they also wanted to create a strong centre to stem disintegration and bring about social and political change.' It further mentions concerns for unity and development, and the need to integrate over 500 princely states.
How does the Indian Parliament's power to alter the boundaries or names of States contribute to a strong central government?
Hint: Think about who holds the ultimate authority over a state's fundamental characteristics.
Answer
The Parliament's power to form new states, alter boundaries, or change names means that the very existence and territorial integrity of a State are ultimately controlled by the central legislature, highlighting a strong central government.
Explanation
The text explicitly lists this as a provision that creates a strong central government: 'The very existence of a State including its territorial integrity is in the hands of Parliament. The Parliament is empowered to ‘form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States…’. It can also alter the boundary of any State or even its name.'
What happens to the federal polity in India when an emergency is declared?
Hint: Recall the impact of emergency provisions on the balance of power.
Answer
During an emergency, the Indian federal polity can turn into a highly centralized system, with power becoming lawfully centralized and Parliament assuming the power to make laws on subjects within the jurisdiction of the States.
Explanation
The text states: 'The Constitution has certain very powerful emergency provisions, which can turn our federal polity into a highly centralised system once emergency is declared. During an emergency, power becomes lawfully centralised. Parliament also assumes the power to make laws on subjects within the jurisdiction of the States.'
Why do States often feel dissatisfied with the division of financial powers in India?
Hint: Consider the concentration of revenue-generating powers.
Answer
States feel dissatisfied because revenue-generating items are primarily controlled by the central government, leading to states having meagre revenue sources and being largely dependent on central grants and financial assistance.
Explanation
The text explains this dissatisfaction: 'One of the important aspects of this division of powers is that economic and financial powers are centralised in the hands of the central government by the Constitution. The States have immense responsibilities but very meagre revenue sources.' It also mentions states' dependence on grants and financial assistance from the center and the centralisation of economic decision-making through planning.
The Governor's power to reserve a bill passed by the State legislature for the President's assent significantly strengthens the central government. Why is this the case?
Hint: Think about the implications of presidential assent being required for a state bill.
Answer
Reserving a bill for the President's assent gives the central government an opportunity to delay state legislation and to examine such bills and veto them completely, thus strengthening central control.
Explanation
The text states: 'Besides, even in normal circumstances, the Governor has the power to reserve a bill passed by the State legislature, for the assent of the President. This gives the central government an opportunity to delay the State legislation and also to examine such bills and veto them completely.'
How do All-India Services like IAS and IPS contribute to the central government's strength in India?
Hint: Consider the reporting structure and control over these administrative officers.
Answer
All-India services officers, while serving in state administrations, remain under the control of the central government, and states cannot take disciplinary action or remove them, thus strengthening the center's influence.
Explanation
The text explains: 'The all-India services are common to the entire territory of India and officers chosen for these services serve in the administration of the States. Thus, an IAS officer who becomes the collector or an IPS officer who serves as the Commissioner of Police, are under the control of the central government. States can neither take disciplinary action nor can they remove these officers from service.'
During which period did Congress dominance decline, leading to increased demands for greater powers and autonomy for States in India?
Hint: Recall the political shifts described in the context of Centre-State relations.
Answer
In the middle of the 1960s, Congress dominance declined, and opposition parties came to power in many States, resulting in demands for greater powers and autonomy.
Explanation
The text states: 'In the middle of the 1960s Congress dominance declined somewhat and in a large number of States opposition parties came to power. It resulted in demands for greater powers and greater autonomy to the States.'
What does the demand for 'financial autonomy' from States primarily entail?
Hint: Focus on the 'financial' aspect of autonomy and revenue generation.
Answer
Financial autonomy demands that States should have independent sources of revenue and greater control over their resources.
Explanation
The text describes: 'Another demand is that States should have independent sources of revenue and greater control over the resources. This is also known as financial autonomy.'
Which of the following is an example of an autonomy demand related to cultural and linguistic issues?
Hint: Think about demands specifically concerning language or cultural identity.
Answer
The opposition to the domination of Hindi in Tamil Nadu is an instance of autonomy demands related to cultural and linguistic issues.
Explanation
The text mentions: 'Fourthly, autonomy demands may also be related to cultural and linguistic issues. The opposition to the domination of Hindi (in Tamil Nadu) or demand for advancing the Punjabi language and culture are instances of this.'
The role of Governors has often been controversial, especially when different parties are in power at the center and the state. What is a key reason for this controversy?
Hint: Consider the appointing authority of the Governor and its potential implications.
Answer
The controversy arises because the Governor is appointed by the central government, leading to their actions often being viewed as interference by the Central government in the functioning of the State government.
Explanation
The text states: 'The Governor is not an elected office-holder. ... Besides, the Governor is appointed by the central government and therefore, actions of the Governor are often viewed as interference by the Central government in the functioning of the State government.'
Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for President's rule in any State?
Hint: Recall the specific constitutional article associated with the imposition of President's Rule.
Answer
Article 356 of the Constitution provides for President's rule in any State.
Explanation
The text explicitly mentions: 'One of the most controversial articles in the Constitution is Article 356, which provides for President’s rule in any State.'
Under what condition can President's rule be applied in a State according to Article 356?
Hint: Focus on the constitutional justification for invoking President's Rule.
Answer
President's rule is to be applied when 'a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.'
Explanation
The text states: 'This provision is to be applied, when ‘a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.’' The examples given in the exercises section (like refusing to follow SC decision) are potential scenarios that *could* lead to such a situation, but the core constitutional condition is stated in option C.
What change occurred regarding the constitutional validity of imposing President's rule after several cases went to the Supreme Court?
Hint: Think about the judiciary's role in checking executive actions, especially controversial ones.
Answer
The Supreme Court ruled that the constitutional validity of the decision to impose President’s rule can be examined by the judiciary.
Explanation
The text notes: 'Some cases went to the Supreme Court and the Court has ruled that constitutional validity of the decision to impose President’s rule can be examined by the judiciary.'
What was the primary basis decided for the creation of new States during the national movement?
Hint: Recall the main factor that drove the reorganization of states after independence.
Answer
It was decided that as far as possible, States would be created on the basis of common cultural and linguistic identity.
Explanation
The text states: 'Therefore, in the course of the national movement itself, it was decided that as far as possible, States would be created on the basis of common cultural and linguistic identity. This ultimately led to the demand for the creation of linguistic States after Independence.'
When was the States Reorganisation Commission set up, and what did it recommend?
Hint: Recall the year and primary recommendation of the commission responsible for state boundaries.
Answer
The States Reorganisation Commission was set up in December 1953 and recommended the creation of linguistic States.
Explanation
The text states: 'In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission was set up and it recommended the creation of linguistic States, at least for the major linguistic groups.'
Which three new States were created in 2000 by dividing Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar?
Hint: Recall the states formed at the turn of the millennium.
Answer
In 2000, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar were divided to create Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand respectively.
Explanation
The text mentions: 'In 2000, some of the larger States were further divided both to meet the demands for a separate State as well as to meet the need for greater administrative efficiency. Thus Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar were divided to create three new States. They are: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand respectively.'
Which two states are mentioned as having a long-standing border dispute over the city of Belgaum?
Hint: Recall the specific example of a border dispute given in the text.
Answer
The dispute between Maharashtra and Karnataka over the city of Belgaum is one of the long-standing border disputes mentioned.
Explanation
The text states: 'One of the long-standing border disputes is the dispute between Maharashtra and Karnataka over the city of Belgaum.'
Why are disputes over river waters considered more serious than border disputes?
Hint: Consider the essential resources involved in river water disputes.
Answer
Disputes over the sharing of river waters are more serious because they are related to fundamental problems of drinking water and agriculture in the concerned States.
Explanation
The text explains: 'While border disputes are more about sentiment, the disputes over the sharing of river waters are even more serious, because they are related to problems of drinking water and agriculture in the concerned States.'
Which two states are primarily involved in the 'Kaveri' water dispute mentioned in the text?
Hint: Recall the specific river dispute mentioned and the states involved.
Answer
The 'Kaveri' water dispute is a major issue between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Explanation
The text asks: 'You might have heard about the ‘Kaveri’ water dispute. This is a major issue between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.'
What is the primary reason for the Constitution providing special provisions for certain states, particularly in the North Eastern region?
Hint: Consider the unique demographic and historical characteristics of these regions.
Answer
Special provisions are given to states like those in the North East due to their peculiar social and historical circumstances, including sizeable indigenous tribal populations with distinct history and culture.
Explanation
The text states: 'And yet, the Constitution has some special provisions for some States given their peculiar social and historical circumstances. Most of the special provisions pertain to the north eastern States (Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, etc.) largely due to their sizeable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and culture.'
Which article previously granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir?
Hint: Recall the specific article that governed J&K's unique status.
Answer
Article 370 previously granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
Explanation
The text clearly states: 'The other State which had a special status was Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) (Art. 370).'
Before its abrogation, how did Article 370 provide greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir compared to other states?
Hint: Consider how legislative powers were shared or restricted for J&K under Article 370.
Answer
Under Article 370, the concurrence of the State was required for making any laws in matters mentioned in the Union and Concurrent lists, giving it greater autonomy.
Explanation
The text explains: 'According to Article 370, the concurrence of the State was required for making any laws in matters mentioned in the Union and Concurrent lists. This was different from the position of other states. In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, the central government had only limited powers and other powers listed in the Union list and Concurrent list could be used only with the consent of the State government. This gave greater autonomy to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.'
When did the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 cease to exist, and what was the outcome?
Hint: Recall the recent changes concerning J&K's status.
Answer
The special status under Article 370 ceased to exist from October 31, 2019, by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019, which bifurcated the State into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.
Explanation
The text states: 'At present, the special status given under 370 no longer exists. By the Jammu and Kashmir reorganisation Act 2019, the State has been bifurcated into two Union Territories viz., (i) Jammu and Kashmir and (ii) Ladakh. The new arrangement has come into effect from 31 October, 2019.'
The text concludes that 'No legal or institutional formula can guarantee the smooth functioning of a federal polity.' What is ultimately necessary for federalism to function smoothly?
Hint: Think beyond legal structures to the human element of governance.
Answer
Ultimately, the people and the political process must develop a culture and a set of values and virtues like mutual trust, toleration, and a spirit of cooperation for federalism to function smoothly.
Explanation
The conclusion states: 'No legal or institutional formula can guarantee the smooth functioning of a federal polity. Ultimately, the people and the political process must develop a culture and a set of values and virtues like mutual trust, toleration and a spirit of cooperation.'
According to the text, how can national unity best be built in a diverse country like India?
Hint: Consider the text's overall message about balancing unity with India's inherent diversity.
Answer
National unity cannot be built by streamlining differences or forced unity, but rather through a responsive polity sensitive to diversities and demands for autonomy, forming the basis of a cooperative federation.
Explanation
The conclusion section states: 'Federalism celebrates both unity as well as diversity. National unity cannot be built by streamlining differences. Such forced unity only generates greater social strife and alienation and tends finally to destroy unity. A responsive polity sensitive to diversities and to the demands for autonomy can alone be the basis of a cooperative federation.'
The federation of West Indies dissolved due to a weak central government and political competition among units. What lesson does this offer about federalism?
Hint: Consider the specific weaknesses identified in the West Indies federation.
Answer
The West Indies example illustrates that a weak central government, combined with political competition among units, can lead to the dissolution of a federation, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to central authority.
Explanation
The text states: 'The federation of West Indies came into being. It had a weak central government and the economy of each unit was independent. These features and political competition among the units led to the formal dissolution of the federation in 1962.' This highlights the danger of a central government that is too weak to hold diverse units together.
The text states that 'laws and constitutions alone do not decide everything.' What factor is highlighted as crucial in determining the actual working of a federation?
Hint: Think about the dynamic, non-static elements that shape how a government system operates.
Answer
The actual working of a federation is determined by real politics, culture, ideology, and history, providing the 'flesh and blood' to the constitutional framework.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'Real politics, culture, ideology and history determine the actual working of a federation. A culture of trust, cooperation, mutual respect and restraint helps federations to function smoothly.' And later: 'The Constitution is only a framework or a skeleton, its flesh and blood is provided by the actual processes of politics. Hence federalism in India has to a large extent been influenced by the changing nature of the political process.'
According to Article 257 (1), what is the extent of the Union's executive power regarding directions to a State?
Hint: Refer to the specific wording of Article 257 (1) provided in the text.
Answer
Article 257 (1) states that the executive power of every State shall be exercised so as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive power of the Union, and the Union's executive power extends to giving such directions to a State as may appear necessary for that purpose.
Explanation
The text quotes Article 257 (1): 'The executive power of every State shall be so exercised as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive power of the Union, and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of such directions to a State as may appear to the Government of India to be necessary for that purpose.'
Under what specific condition can the central government legislate on matters from the State List during normal circumstances?
Hint: Recall the legislative body that can authorize the center to legislate on state subjects.
Answer
The central government can legislate on matters from the State list during normal circumstances if the move is ratified by the Rajya Sabha.
Explanation
The text states: 'There may be occasions when the situation may demand that the central government needs to legislate on matters from the State list. This is possible if the move is ratified by the Rajya Sabha.'
Which group of states primarily benefits from special provisions in the Indian Constitution due to their sizeable indigenous tribal population with distinct history and culture?
Hint: Recall the specific region identified for special constitutional treatment.
Answer
Most of the special provisions pertain to the North Eastern states (Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, etc.) due to their sizeable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and culture.
Explanation
The text notes: 'Most of the special provisions pertain to the north eastern States (Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, etc.) largely due to their sizeable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and culture.'
The text warns that 'forced unity only generates greater social strife and alienation.' What characteristic of a polity is crucial to avoid this outcome?
Hint: Consider what promotes harmony and prevents alienation in a diverse federation.
Answer
A responsive polity sensitive to diversities and to the demands for autonomy is crucial to avoid social strife and alienation and to build a cooperative federation.
Explanation
The conclusion section states: 'National unity cannot be built by streamlining differences. Such forced unity only generates greater social strife and alienation and tends finally to destroy unity. A responsive polity sensitive to diversities and to the demands for autonomy can alone be the basis of a cooperative federation.'
The political maps of India from 1947 to 2017 show dramatic changes. What primarily accounted for these changes?
Hint: Recall the reasons mentioned for the significant changes in state boundaries and names since independence.
Answer
Boundaries of States have been reorganised many times, names have changed according to the wishes of the people, and princely states merged, reflecting administrative convenience and public demands.
Explanation
The introduction states: 'Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed. ... Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times. During this entire period, not only did boundaries of States change, but in some cases, even their names changed according to the wishes of the people of those States.'
Which two states are given as examples of states whose names changed 'according to the wishes of the people'?
Hint: Recall the specific examples of state name changes mentioned early in the chapter.
Answer
Mysore changed to Karnataka and Madras became Tamil Nadu are examples of state name changes according to the wishes of the people.
Explanation
The text states: 'Thus, Mysore changed to Karnataka and Madras became Tamil Nadu.'
The example of Nigeria illustrates that even a federal arrangement can fail to produce unity. What were the key factors contributing to its problems?
Hint: Consider the social and economic divisions highlighted in the Nigerian case study.
Answer
Nigeria's problems stemmed from a lack of trust among regions and various communities, overlapping religious, ethnic, and economic differences, particularly over control of oil resources.
Explanation
The text states: 'If the regions and various communities do not trust each other, even a federal arrangement can fail to produce unity. The example of Nigeria is instructive: ... Their attempt to spread their influence to other regions led to fears and conflicts. ... Though democracy was restored in Nigeria in 1999, religious differences along with conflicts over who will control revenues from the oil resources continue to present problems before the Nigerian federation. ... Thus, Nigeria is an example of overlap of religious, ethnic and economic differences among the units.'
What is the most important feature of the federal system adopted by the Indian Constitution regarding Centre-State relations?
Hint: Recall the guiding principle emphasized for Centre-State interactions.
Answer
The most important feature of the federal system adopted by the Indian Constitution is the principle that relations between the States and the centre would be based on cooperation.
Explanation
The text states: 'The most important feature of the federal system adopted by the Indian Constitution is the principle that relations between the States and the centre would be based on cooperation. Thus, while recognising diversity, the Constitution emphasised unity.'
What is the constitutional status of both the Union government and the State governments in India?
Hint: Think about how the Constitution establishes both levels of government.
Answer
The Indian Constitution creates two sets of government—union and state—both of which have a constitutional status and clearly identified areas of activity.
Explanation
The text states: 'There are two sets of government created by the Indian Constitution: one for the entire nation called the union government (central government) and one for each unit or State called the State government. Both of these have a constitutional status and clearly identified area of activity.'
If there is a dispute in India about which powers come under the control of the Union and which under the States, how can this typically be resolved?
Hint: Recall the role of the judiciary in a federal system.
Answer
Any dispute about the division of powers between the Union and States can be resolved by the Judiciary on the basis of the constitutional provisions.
Explanation
The text states: 'If there is any dispute about which powers come under the control of the union and which under the States, this can be resolved by the Judiciary on the basis of the constitutional provisions.'
How did India's adoption of 'planning as the instrument of rapid economic progress' after independence impact economic decision-making?
Hint: Think about the role of the Planning Commission and its effect on economic control.
Answer
Planning as an instrument for rapid economic progress led to considerable centralization of economic decision-making, with the Planning Commission controlling and supervising states' resource management.
Explanation
The text states: 'India adopted planning as the instrument of rapid economic progress and development after independence. Planning led to considerable centralisation of economic decision making. Planning commission appointed by the union government is the coordinating machinery that controls and supervises the resources management of the States.'
What was a key recommendation of the Sarkaria Commission regarding the appointment of Governors?
Hint: Recall the commission's advice on ensuring impartiality in a specific appointment.
Answer
The Sarkaria Commission recommended that appointments of Governors should be strictly non-partisan.
Explanation
The text states: 'The Sarkaria Commission that was appointed by the central government (1983; it submitted its report in 1988) to examine the issues relating to centre-State relations, recommended that appointments of Governors should be strictly non-partisan.'
What do Articles 33 and 34 authorize Parliament to do, further strengthening the Union government?
Hint: Consider the legislative power related to actions taken during periods of martial law.
Answer
Articles 33 and 34 authorize Parliament to protect persons in the service of the union or a state in respect of any action taken by them during martial law to maintain or restore order, thereby strengthening the union government.
Explanation
The text states: 'Articles 33 and 34 authorise the Parliament to protect persons in the service of the union or a state in respect of any action taken by them during martial law to maintain or restore order. This provisions further strengthens the powers of the union government.'
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