11 NCERT CBSE Comparative Development Experiences of India, China, and Pakistan
Theme Analysis
Main ThemeComparative Development Experiences of India, China, and Pakistan
Subject CategoryEconomics
Key Concepts
Question FocusQuestions cover the comparative development paths, key economic and social policies, and outcomes for India, China, and Pakistan. Focus on understanding the reasons behind their differing performance across demographic, economic, and human development indicators, as well as the nature and impact of their reform processes. Questions will vary in difficulty and Bloom's Taxonomy levels, including recall, understanding, analysis, and evaluation.
Why is it considered important for neighboring developing countries to understand each other's development strategies in today's globalized world?
Hint: Think about the benefits of self-assessment and competitive advantage in a shared economic environment.
Answer
Understanding neighbors' development strategies allows developing countries to better comprehend their own strengths and weaknesses, especially as they compete in limited economic space and face challenges from developed nations.
Explanation
The text states that understanding neighbors' developmental processes allows nations to 'better comprehend their own strengths and weaknesses vis-à-vis their neighbours.' This is crucial for developing countries as they face competition from both developed nations and among themselves in the limited global economic space.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the initial developmental paths of India, Pakistan, and China?
Hint: Recall the historical context of their nation-building and planning initiatives.
Answer
India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947, and the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, setting a similar timeframe for the initiation of their development strategies.
Explanation
The text explicitly states, 'While India and Pakistan became independent nations in 1947, People’s Republic of China was established in 1949. All three countries had started planning their development strategies in similar ways.' This highlights the close timing of their developmental beginnings.
What was the primary objective of China's Great Leap Forward (GLF) campaign initiated in 1958?
Hint: Focus on the main goal of the GLF mentioned in the text.
Answer
The Great Leap Forward (GLF) campaign in 1958 aimed at rapid industrialization, encouraging people to set up industries even in their backyards.
Explanation
The text states, 'The Great Leap Forward (GLF) campaign initiated in 1958 aimed at industrialising the country on a massive scale. People were encouraged to set up industries in their backyards.' While communes were started in rural areas, the overarching goal of GLF was industrialization.
What was the 'Commune system' in China, introduced during the Great Leap Forward?
Hint: Recall the agricultural policy implemented in China during the GLF.
Answer
Under the Commune system, which was part of the Great Leap Forward, people in rural areas collectively cultivated lands.
Explanation
The document explains, 'In rural areas, communes were started. Under the Commune system, people collectively cultivated lands.' This was a key feature of the GLF era's agricultural organization.
What significant change did China introduce in its agriculture sector during the initial phase of reforms in 1978?
Hint: Consider the shift in agricultural organization post-1978 reforms.
Answer
In the initial phase of China's 1978 reforms, commune lands were divided into small plots, allocated for use (not ownership) to individual households, who could keep income after paying stipulated taxes.
Explanation
The text states, 'In agriculture, for instance, commune lands were divided into small plots, which were allocated (for use not ownership) to individual households. They were allowed to keep all income from the land after paying stipulated taxes.' This was a crucial reform that brought prosperity to many rural people.
What was 'dual pricing' in China's reform process?
Hint: Recall the pricing mechanism introduced during China's reforms.
Answer
Dual pricing meant that farmers and industrial units had to buy and sell fixed quantities at government-fixed prices, while the remaining quantities were transacted at market prices.
Explanation
The text defines dual pricing: 'This means fixing the prices in two ways; farmers and industrial units were required to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and outputs on the basis of prices fixed by the government and the rest were purchased and sold at market prices.'
What policy framework did Pakistan introduce in the late 1950s and 1960s to promote industrialization?
Hint: Consider the early industrial strategy Pakistan adopted.
Answer
In the late 1950s and 1960s, Pakistan introduced a regulated policy framework for import substitution-based industrialization, which included tariff protection and direct import controls.
Explanation
The text states, 'In the late 1950s and 1960s, Pakistan introduced a variety of regulated policy framework (for import substitution-based industrialisation). The policy combined tariff protection for manufacturing of consumer goods together with direct import controls on competing imports.'
What was a significant policy shift in Pakistan during the late 1970s and 1980s?
Hint: Recall the policy changes related to public and private sectors in Pakistan during that era.
Answer
After a period of nationalization in the 1970s, Pakistan shifted its policy orientation in the late 1970s and 1980s towards denationalization and encouraging the private sector.
Explanation
The text mentions, 'In the 1970s, nationalisation of capital goods industries took place. Pakistan then shifted its policy orientation in the late 1970s and 1980s when the major thrust areas were denationalisation and encouragement of private sector.'
Based on the provided demographic indicators (Table 8.1), which country has the highest population growth rate?
Hint: Refer to Table 8.1 and compare the 'Annual Growth of Population' column.
Answer
According to Table 8.1, Pakistan has the highest annual population growth rate at 1.96%, compared to India's 0.81% and China's -0.10%.
Explanation
Table 8.1 clearly shows Pakistan with an 'Annual Growth of Population' of 1.96%, which is higher than India's 0.81% and China's -0.10%. The text also explicitly states, 'Table 8.1 shows the population growth as being the highest in Pakistan, followed by India and China.'
What is cited as the major reason for China's low population growth in the late 1970s?
Hint: Recall the specific policy China implemented to control population.
Answer
Scholars attribute China's low population growth in the late 1970s primarily to the introduction of the one-child norm.
Explanation
The text states, 'Scholars point out the one-child norm introduced in China in the late 1970s as the major reason for low population growth.'
Based on Table 8.1, what is a common demographic challenge faced by India, China, and Pakistan?
Hint: Look at the 'Sex Ratio' column in Table 8.1 and the accompanying discussion.
Answer
The text and Table 8.1 indicate that the sex ratio is low and biased against females in all three countries, attributed to son preference.
Explanation
The text notes, 'However, from the table, you will notice that the sex ratio is low and biased against females in all three countries. Scholars cite son preference prevailing in all these countries as the reason.' Table 8.1 shows sex ratios of 930 (India), 898 (China), and 948 (Pakistan), all below 1000.
Which country among India, China, and Pakistan has the highest urbanization rate according to the text and Table 8.1?
Hint: Check the 'Urbanisation' column in Table 8.1.
Answer
China has the highest urbanization rate at 65%, significantly higher than India's 36% and Pakistan's 38%.
Explanation
Table 8.1 shows China with an urbanization rate of 65%, which is higher than India's 36% and Pakistan's 38%. The text also states, 'Urbanisation is high in China with India having 36 per cent of its people living in urban areas.'
Comparing the GDP (PPP) of the three countries, what is the approximate relationship between India's and Pakistan's GDP (PPP)?
Hint: Compare the GDP (PPP) figures provided for India and Pakistan.
Answer
India's GDP (PPP) is $15 trillion and Pakistan's is $1.5 trillion, meaning Pakistan's GDP is roughly 10% of India's GDP.
Explanation
The text states: 'India’s GDP (PPP) is $15 trillion and Pakistan’s GDP is $1.5 trillion, roughly about 10 per cent of India’s GDP.'
Which country maintained a near double-digit growth rate in GDP during the 1980s, according to Table 8.2?
Hint: Refer to Table 8.2 and look at the '1980-90' column for GDP growth.
Answer
Table 8.2 shows that China maintained a GDP growth rate of 10.3% during 1980-90, which is a near double-digit growth.
Explanation
Table 8.2 indicates that China had a GDP growth rate of 10.3% during 1980-90. The text also mentions, 'China was able to maintain near double-digit growth during 1980s as can be seen from Table 8.2.'
What has been the general trend in the contribution of the agriculture sector to GVA and workforce employment in all three countries over the last five decades?
Hint: Think about the long-term trend for the agriculture sector in developing economies.
Answer
The text states that in the last five decades, the growth of the agriculture sector, which employs the largest proportion of workforce in all three countries, has declined.
Explanation
The text clearly states: 'In the last five decades, the growth of agriculture sector, which employs the largest proportion of workforce in all the three countries, has declined.' While it still employs the largest workforce, its contribution to overall growth has decreased.
How does China's development pattern of shifting workforce and output differ from that of India and Pakistan?
Hint: Consider the 'normal course of development' mentioned in the text and how each country aligns with it.
Answer
China followed the classical development pattern of moving employment and output from agriculture to industry and then to services, whereas India and Pakistan's shift has been more direct from agriculture to the service sector.
Explanation
The text explains, 'In the normal course of development, countries first shift their employment and output from agriculture to Industry and then to services. This is what is happening in China... In these countries [India and Pakistan], the shift is taking place directly to the service sector.'
According to Table 8.5, which country performs best in the Human Development Index (HDI) value?
Hint: Refer to the 'Human Development Index (Value)' row in Table 8.5.
Answer
China has an HDI value of 0.797, which is higher than India's (0.685) and Pakistan's (0.544), indicating better human development.
Explanation
Table 8.5 clearly shows China with the highest Human Development Index (Value) at 0.797, compared to India's 0.685 and Pakistan's 0.544. This is also reflected in China's higher rank (78) compared to India (130) and Pakistan (168).
Regarding the 'People living Below Poverty Line (%) (National)' indicator in Table 8.5, what can be inferred about China compared to India and Pakistan?
Hint: Look at the 'People living Below Poverty Line (%) (National)' row in Table 8.5.
Answer
Table 8.5 shows China with 0.0% of its population below the poverty line, indicating a successful reduction, while India and Pakistan both have 21.9%.
Explanation
Table 8.5 lists China's 'People living Below Poverty Line (%) (National)' as 0.0% (for 2023), whereas India and Pakistan both show 21.9%. This indicates China's significant success in poverty alleviation compared to its neighbors.
Which country has the highest Maternal Mortality Rate (per 1 lakh births) among the three, according to Table 8.5?
Hint: Check the 'Maternal Mortality Rate' row in Table 8.5.
Answer
Pakistan has the highest Maternal Mortality Rate at 154 per 1 lakh births, significantly higher than India's 103 and China's 23.
Explanation
Table 8.5 shows Pakistan with a Maternal Mortality Rate of 154, India with 103, and China with 23. This indicates Pakistan has the highest rate among the three.
What are 'liberty indicators' as described in the text, and why are they considered important alongside human development indicators?
Hint: Think about what aspects of human well-being are *not* typically covered by economic or health metrics.
Answer
Liberty indicators include measures of democratic participation, constitutional protection of citizens' rights, independence of the judiciary, and the rule of law. They are considered important because traditional human development indicators alone are not sufficient to assess true human progress.
Explanation
The text explains, 'Along with these, we also need what may be called ‘liberty indicators’. One such indicator has actually been added as a measure of ‘the extent of democratic participation in social and political decision-making’... Some obvious ‘liberty indicators’ like measures of ‘the extent of Constitutional protection given to rights of citizens’ or ‘the extent of constitutional protection of the Independence of the Judiciary and the Rule of Law’ have not even been introduced so far.' It emphasizes that without these, HDI is incomplete.
In what order were economic reforms initiated in China, Pakistan, and India?
Hint: Recall the specific years mentioned for the start of reforms in each country.
Answer
Reforms were initiated in China in 1978, followed by Pakistan in 1988, and then India in 1991.
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'We know that reforms were initiated in China in 1978, Pakistan in 1988 and India in 1991.'
Why did China introduce structural reforms in 1978, unlike India and Pakistan who were compelled by international agencies?
Hint: Consider the internal reasons for China's policy shift, as opposed to external pressures.
Answer
China's reforms in 1978 were internally driven, stemming from the new leadership's dissatisfaction with the slow pace of growth and lack of modernization under Maoist economic policies.
Explanation
The text clarifies, 'China did not have any compulsion to introduce reforms as dictated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to India and Pakistan. The new leadership at that time in China was not happy with the slow pace of growth and lack of modernisation in the Chinese economy under the Maoist rule. They felt that Maoist vision of economic development based on decentralisation, self sufficiency and shunning of foreign technology, goods and capital had failed.'
Which of the following pre-reform conditions in China contributed positively to its social and income indicators in the post-reform period?
Hint: Look for foundational strengths that existed before the 1978 reforms.
Answer
Pre-reform China had established infrastructure in education and health, conducted land reforms, and ensured equitable food distribution through the commune system, which laid a positive foundation for later improvements.
Explanation
The text states, 'It was found that establishment of infrastructure in the areas of education and health, land reforms, long existence of decentralised planning and existence of small enterprises had helped positively in improving the social and income indicators in the post reform period. Before the introduction of reforms, there had already been massive extension of basic health services in rural areas. Through the commune system, there was more equitable distribution of food grains.'
What is identified as a key reason for the slowdown of growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan's economy, according to scholars?
Hint: Consider the vulnerabilities in Pakistan's economic structure mentioned in the text.
Answer
Scholars attribute Pakistan's economic slowdown and re-emergence of poverty to agricultural growth being dependent on good harvests rather than institutionalized technical change, and an over-reliance on remittances and foreign loans.
Explanation
The text explains, 'The reasons for the slow-down of growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan’s economy, as scholars put it, are agricultural growth and food supply situation were based not on an institutionalised process of technical change but on good harvest... In Pakistan most foreign exchange earnings came from remittances from Pakistani workers in the Middle-east and the exports of highly volatile agricultural products; there was also growing dependence on foreign loans...'
What are the primary sectors contributing to China's and India's economic growth, respectively, in recent decades?
Hint: Recall the discussion about the leading sectors of growth for each country.
Answer
China's growth is primarily contributed by the manufacturing and service sectors, while India's growth is mainly driven by the service sector.
Explanation
The text states, 'Thus, China’s growth is contributed by the manufacturing and service sectors and India’s growth by the service sector.'
Which of the following is a similarity in the initial developmental strategies of India and Pakistan?
Hint: Think about the common features of their early economic planning.
Answer
India and Pakistan adopted similar initial strategies, including creating a large public sector and increasing public expenditure on social development.
Explanation
The text states: 'India and Pakistan adopted similar strategies, such as creating a large public sector and raising public expenditure on social development.'
What major event did Mao introduce in 1965, sending students and professionals to work and learn from the countryside?
Hint: Recall the cultural and social movement initiated by Mao in the mid-1960s.
Answer
Mao introduced the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1965, which involved sending students and professionals to the countryside.
Explanation
The text states: 'In 1965, Mao introduced the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966–76) under which students and professionals were sent to work and learn from the countryside.'
Despite China being the largest nation geographically among the three, why is its population density the lowest?
Hint: Consider the relationship between land area and population for density, and compare China's figures to India's.
Answer
China is geographically the largest among the three nations, and while its population is large, it's not proportionally larger than India's relative to its land size, resulting in a lower density (150 per sq. km) compared to India (473 per sq. km) and Pakistan (300 per sq. km).
Explanation
The text mentions, 'Though China is the largest nation and geographically occupies the largest area among the three nations, its density is the lowest.' Table 8.1 confirms China's density at 150 per sq. km, lower than India's 473 and Pakistan's 300, even though China's total population (1411 million) is comparable to India's (1428 million).
What were the two main sources of financial support that helped Pakistan stimulate economic growth in the late 1970s and 1980s?
Hint: Recall the external sources of income mentioned for Pakistan during that period.
Answer
During the late 1970s and 1980s, Pakistan received financial support from western nations and remittances from its emigrants working in the Middle-east, which helped stimulate its economy.
Explanation
The text states: 'During this period, Pakistan also received financial support from western nations and remittances from continuously increasing outflow of emigrants to the Middle-east. This helped the country in stimulating economic growth.'
If a country's workforce distribution is 43% in agriculture, 26% in industry, and 31% in services, and its contribution to GVA is 18% from agriculture, 28% from industry, and 54% from services (as per Table 8.3), which country does this describe?
Hint: Compare the given percentages with the data for each country in Table 8.3.
Answer
These figures match the data for India in Table 8.3 for Sectoral Share of Employment and GDP (%) in 2022.
Explanation
By comparing the provided percentages with Table 8.3, we can see that India's 'Distribution of Workforce' is 43% in Agriculture, 26% in Industry, and 31% in Services. Its 'Contribution to GVA' is 18% from Agriculture, 28% from Industry, and 54% from Services. These figures align perfectly with India's data.
According to Table 8.3, which sector contributes the highest share of GDP in all three countries (India, China, Pakistan) in 2022?
Hint: Look at the 'Contribution to GVA' section in Table 8.3 for each country and compare the sectoral percentages.
Answer
Table 8.3 shows that the Services sector contributes the highest share of GVA/GDP in India (54%), China (54%), and Pakistan (55%).
Explanation
Table 8.3 demonstrates that for India, China, and Pakistan, the Services sector contributes 54%, 54%, and 55% respectively to GVA, which is the highest share compared to Agriculture and Industry for all three.
Which country has the highest Mean years of Schooling (aged 15 and above) among the three, according to Table 8.5?
Hint: Check the 'Mean years of Schooling' row in Table 8.5.
Answer
China has the highest Mean years of Schooling at 8.0 years, compared to India's 6.9 years and Pakistan's 4.3 years.
Explanation
Table 8.5 shows 'Mean years of Schooling (aged 15 and above) in %' as 6.9 for India, 8.0 for China, and 4.3 for Pakistan. China clearly has the highest value.
Based on Table 8.5, which country has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births)?
Hint: Refer to the 'Infant Mortality Rate' row in Table 8.5 and look for the smallest number.
Answer
China has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate at 4.8 per 1000 live births, significantly lower than India's 25.5 and Pakistan's 51.
Explanation
Table 8.5 lists the Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) as 25.5 for India, 4.8 for China, and 51 for Pakistan. China's rate is substantially lower than its neighbors.
What is a key difference in how China and India/Pakistan approached their public sector enterprises, as mentioned in the conclusion?
Hint: Consider the different approaches to state-owned assets and market mechanisms in the conclusion.
Answer
Unlike India and Pakistan, which are attempting to privatize their public sector enterprises, China used the market mechanism to create opportunities while retaining collective ownership of land, ensuring social security in rural areas.
Explanation
The conclusion states: 'You will also notice that unlike India and Pakistan, which are attempting to privatise their public sector enterprises, China has used the market mechanism to ‘create additional social and economic opportunities’. By retaining collective ownership of land and allowing individuals to cultivate lands, China has ensured social security in rural areas.'
How did China approach the implementation of its reform measures, which contributed to its success?
Hint: Think about the experimental and gradual nature of China's reform implementation.
Answer
Experts point out that China's reform measures were first implemented at a smaller level and then extended on a massive scale, allowing for experimentation and assessment.
Explanation
The text highlights, 'Experts also point out that each reform measure was first implemented at a smaller level and then extended on a massive scale. The experimentation under decentralised government enabled to assess the economic, social and political costs of success or failure.'
What was the main issue regarding Pakistan's foreign exchange earnings that contributed to its economic difficulties?
Hint: Consider the sources and stability of Pakistan's foreign income.
Answer
Pakistan's foreign exchange earnings largely came from remittances and exports of volatile agricultural products, leading to growing dependence on foreign loans and difficulty in repayment.
Explanation
The text states: 'In Pakistan most foreign exchange earnings came from remittances from Pakistani workers in the Middle-east and the exports of highly volatile agricultural products; there was also growing dependence on foreign loans on the one hand and increasing difficulty in paying back the loans on the other.'
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a regional or global economic grouping that nations are forming to strengthen their domestic economies?
Hint: Recall the list of economic organizations mentioned in the introduction.
Answer
NATO is a military alliance, not an economic grouping mentioned in the text. SAARC, ASEAN, and BRICS are listed as economic groupings.
Explanation
The text lists 'SAARC, European Union, ASEAN, G-8, G-20, BRICS etc.' as regional and global economic groupings. NATO is not mentioned.
What significant difference in political systems is highlighted between India and China/Pakistan?
Hint: Recall the initial description of the political differences between the three nations.
Answer
The text notes India as the world's largest democracy with a secular and liberal Constitution, in contrast to Pakistan's militarist political structure and China's command economy that has only recently started moving towards democratic and liberal economic restructuring.
Explanation
The text states: 'It has to be remembered that despite being endowed with vast natural resources, there is little similarity between the political power setup of India - the largest democracy of the world which is wedded to a secular and deeply liberal Constitution for more than half a century, and the militarist political power structure of Pakistan or the command economy of China that has only recently started moving towards a democratic system and more liberal economic restructuring respectively.'
What is a potential long-term implication of China's one-child norm and resultant arrest in population growth, as mentioned in the text?
Hint: Consider the age structure of a population when birth rates are significantly reduced over time.
Answer
The one-child norm is expected to lead to a demographic shift where there will be more elderly people in proportion to young people in China after a few decades, prompting the policy change to allow two children.
Explanation
The text explains, 'One-child norm and the resultant arrest in the growth of population also have other implications. For instance, after a few decades, in China, there will be more elderly people in proportion to young people. This led China to allow couples to have two children.'
After reforms in 1978, what did individual households in China do with the income from their allocated land plots?
Hint: Recall the incentive structure introduced for individual farmers post-reform.
Answer
After the 1978 reforms, individual households in China were allowed to keep all income from their allocated land plots after paying stipulated taxes.
Explanation
The text states: 'In agriculture, for instance, commune lands were divided into small plots, which were allocated (for use not ownership) to individual households. They were allowed to keep all income from the land after paying stipulated taxes.'
What type of enterprises were allowed to produce goods in the later phase of China's industrial reforms?
Hint: Think about the types of enterprises that gained freedom to produce after the initial agricultural reforms.
Answer
In the later phase of China's industrial reforms, private sector firms, especially township and village enterprises (TVEs) which were owned and operated by local collectives, were allowed to produce goods.
Explanation
The text states: 'In the later phase, reforms were initiated in the industrial sector. Private sector firms, in general, and township and village enterprises, i.e., those enterprises which were owned and operated by local collectives, in particular, were allowed to produce goods.'
According to Table 8.2, how did Pakistan's GDP growth rate compare to India's and China's in the 1980s?
Hint: Compare the '1980-90' column values for all three countries in Table 8.2.
Answer
Table 8.2 shows Pakistan's GDP growth rate at 6.3% in 1980-90, which was higher than India's 5.7% but lower than China's 10.3%.
Explanation
Table 8.2 indicates: India (5.7%), China (10.3%), Pakistan (6.3%) for 1980-90. This means Pakistan was indeed ahead of India but behind China.
What impact did the introduction of the Green Revolution have on Pakistan's agrarian structure?
Hint: Recall the effects of the Green Revolution on agriculture in Pakistan.
Answer
The Green Revolution in Pakistan led to mechanization, increased public investment in infrastructure in select areas, and ultimately a rise in foodgrain production, dramatically changing the agrarian structure.
Explanation
The text states: 'The introduction of Green Revolution led to mechanisation and increase in public investment in infrastructure in select areas, which finally led to a rise in the production of foodgrains. This changed the agrarian structure dramatically.'
According to Table 8.3, which country had the largest proportion of its workforce engaged in agriculture in 2022?
Hint: Look at the 'Distribution of Workforce' section and the 'Agriculture' row in Table 8.3.
Answer
In 2022, India had 43% of its workforce engaged in agriculture, which is the highest among the three countries (China 23%, Pakistan 36%).
Explanation
Table 8.3 shows the 'Distribution of Workforce' for Agriculture: India (43%), China (23%), Pakistan (36%). India clearly has the largest proportion.
What distinguishes the introduction of structural reforms in China from those in India and Pakistan, as noted in the recap?
Hint: Recall the 'Recap' section's point on the drivers of reform in each country.
Answer
China introduced structural reforms on its own initiative, whereas India and Pakistan were compelled to do so by international agencies like the IMF and World Bank.
Explanation
The 'Recap' section explicitly states: 'China introduced structural reforms on its own initiative while they were forced upon India and Pakistan by international agencies.' This is also elaborated in Section 8.6.
Which of the following statements is true regarding access to basic sanitation and drinking water sources, based on Table 8.5?
Hint: Check the 'People living Below Poverty Line (%)' and 'People using at least basic Sanitation (% of population)' rows in Table 8.5.
Answer
The text states that China and Pakistan are ahead of India in reducing the proportion of people below the poverty line and also their performance in sanitation (China 96%, Pakistan 71% vs India 78%).
Explanation
The text explicitly states: 'China and Pakistan are ahead of India in reducing proportion of people below the poverty line and also their performance in sanitation.' Table 8.5 shows China (96%) and Pakistan (71%) for sanitation, while India is 78%. However, the statement refers to *reducing* poverty and *performance* in sanitation where China is indeed ahead, and Pakistan's 71% is comparable to India's 78% in context of the overall assessment that China and Pakistan were ahead of India in these aspects.
What is a major concern about China's development experience, despite its high growth and poverty alleviation, as mentioned in the conclusion?
Hint: Consider the ethical and political criticisms mentioned about China's model.
Answer
The conclusion highlights that 'the lack of political freedom and its implications for human rights are major concerns' regarding China's development, even with its economic successes.
Explanation
The conclusion states: 'In China, the lack of political freedom and its implications for human rights are major concerns; yet, in the last four decades, it used the ‘market system without losing political commitment’ and succeeded in raising the level of growth alongwith alleviation of poverty.'
Based on Table 8.4, what was the trend in output growth for the industrial sector in China between 1980–90 and 2014–18?
Hint: Compare China's Industrial growth rates for the two periods in Table 8.4.
Answer
Table 8.4 shows China's industrial sector output growth declined from 10.8% in 1980–90 to 5.3% in 2014–18.
Explanation
Table 8.4 indicates that China's Industrial output growth was 10.8% in 1980–90 and declined to 5.3% in 2014–18. The text also mentions, 'In the industrial sector, China has maintained a near double-digit growth rate in 1980s but began showing decline in recent years'.
According to Table 8.5, which country has the lowest prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)?
Hint: Look at the 'Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)' row in Table 8.5.
Answer
China has the lowest prevalence of undernourishment at 3% of the population, significantly lower than India's 17% and Pakistan's 19%.
Explanation
Table 8.5 clearly shows China with 3% prevalence of undernourishment, which is the lowest compared to India's 17% and Pakistan's 19%.
Till which decade did India, China, and Pakistan have similar growth rates and per capita incomes?
Hint: Recall the period when their economic indicators were largely comparable.
Answer
Till the 1980s, all three countries had similar growth rates and per capita incomes.
Explanation
The text states: 'Till the 1980s, all the three countries had similar growth rates and per capita incomes.' The Recap also reinforces this: 'Till the early 1980s, the developmental indicators of all the three countries, such as growth rates and sectoral contribution towards national income, were similar.'
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