12 NCERT CBSE Sociology Globalisation and Social Change
Theme Analysis
Main ThemeGlobalisation and Social Change
Subject CategorySociology
Key Concepts
Question FocusQuestions cover the definition and dimensions of globalisation, its historical context in India, economic and political policies, technological advancements, and the diverse social and cultural consequences, including both opportunities and challenges. Difficulty is mixed, and Bloom's levels range from Remember to Analyze and Apply. Avoided activity prompts and reference sections.
According to the text, what is a primary characteristic of globalisation?
Hint: Think about how relationships and connections extend across borders.
Answer
Globalisation refers to the growing interdependence between different people, regions and countries in the world as social and economic relationships come to stretch world-wide.
Explanation
The text explicitly defines globalisation as 'the growing interdependence between different people, regions and countries in the world as social and economic relationships come to stretch world-wide.' Options A, C, and D describe scenarios opposite to the definition provided.
How does sociology typically understand globalisation, as described in the text?
Hint: Consider how sociologists link personal experiences to broader societal structures.
Answer
Sociology uses the sociological imagination to make sense of the connections between the individual and society, the micro and the macro, the local and the global.
Explanation
The text states that 'What Sociology does is use the sociological imagination to make sense of the connections between the individual and society, the micro and the macro, the local and the global.' This involves understanding how global developments affect people's lives directly.
What does the term 'liberalisation' refer to in the context of India's economic policy since 1991?
Hint: Recall the major economic shift that occurred in India in the early 1990s.
Answer
Liberalisation refers to a range of policy decisions that the Indian state took since 1991 to open up the Indian economy to the world market.
Explanation
The text clearly defines liberalisation as 'a range of policy decisions that the Indian state took since 1991 to open up the Indian economy to the world market.' This marked a break from earlier policies of greater government control and protectionism.
The text provides examples of how globalisation affects different sections of society differently. For an urban, affluent consumer, globalisation might mean greater choices, but for a farmer, it might mean:
Hint: Consider the uneven impact described, specifically for vulnerable groups.
Answer
What may mean greater choices for the urban, affluent consumer may mean a crisis of livelihood for a farmer.
Explanation
The text highlights the uneven impact of globalisation, stating, 'What may mean greater choices for the urban, affluent consumer may mean a crisis of livelihood for a farmer.' This demonstrates that benefits are not uniformly distributed.
India's historical global interconnections are exemplified by the ancient trade route that connected India to civilizations like China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome. What was this route called?
Hint: Think of a famous ancient trade route known for luxury goods.
Answer
The famous Silk route, which centuries ago connected India to the great civilisations, which existed in China, Persia, Egypt and Rome.
Explanation
The text mentions that 'We have read in our history textbooks about the famous Silk route, which centuries ago connected India to the great civilisations, which existed in China, Persia, Egypt and Rome,' indicating that global interconnections are not new to India.
How is colonialism presented in the text in relation to modern capitalism and globalisation?
Hint: Consider the economic drivers and global reach of colonialism.
Answer
Colonialism was part of the system that required new sources of capital, raw materials, energy, markets and a global network that sustained it.
Explanation
The text states, 'Colonialism was part of the system that required new sources of capital, raw materials, energy, markets and a global network that sustained it,' linking it directly to the global dimension of modern capitalism from its inception.
If a company like Coca-Cola produces its beverages and markets them in numerous countries worldwide, it is an example of what type of economic entity?
Hint: Think about companies operating across multiple national borders.
Answer
TNCs are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. Some of the biggest MNCs are companies known all around the world: Coca Cola, General Motors, Colgate-Palmolive, Kodak, Mitsubishi and many others.
Explanation
The text defines Transnational Corporations (TNCs) as 'companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country' and explicitly lists Coca-Cola as an example of a gigantic international MNC.
Which factor underpins economic globalisation by allowing instantaneous international fund transfers?
Hint: Consider the role of technology in financial transactions.
Answer
The ‘electronic economy’ is another factor that underpins economic globalisation. Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse.
Explanation
The 'electronic economy' is identified as a key factor underpinning economic globalisation, enabling 'Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors [to] shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse.'
What distinguishes a 'weightless economy' or 'knowledge economy' from previous economic eras?
Hint: Think about the shift from tangible goods to information and services.
Answer
The weightless economy is one in which products have their base in information, as in the case with computer software, media and entertainment products and internet-based services. A knowledge economy is one in which much of the workforce is involved not in the physical production or distribution of material goods, but in their design, development, technology, marketing, sale and servicing.
Explanation
The text explains that the 'weightless economy is one in which products have their base in information' and a 'knowledge economy is one in which much of the workforce is involved not in the physical production or distribution of material goods, but in their design, development, technology, marketing, sale and servicing.' This contrasts with earlier agricultural or industrial bases.
What major technological advancement has primarily enabled the globalisation of finance, leading to 24-hour trading in capital and security markets?
Hint: Consider the technology that allows instant communication and data transfer worldwide.
Answer
It should also be noted that for the first time, mainly due to the information technology revolution, there has been a globalisation of finance.
Explanation
The text attributes the 'globalisation of finance' mainly to the 'information technology revolution,' which allows billions of dollars worth of transactions within seconds across integrated financial markets.
The unequal access to advanced telecommunications infrastructure and internet connectivity in a country like India is referred to as:
Hint: Think about the gap in technology access between different groups or regions.
Answer
Some of you may find many such places. Some of you may not. This is indicative of what is often termed as the digital divide in our country.
Explanation
The text explicitly mentions that the varying access to advanced communication technologies (like telephones, fax, digital TV, internet) is 'indicative of what is often termed as the digital divide in our country.'
What is a key characteristic of the 'new international division of labour' as described in the text?
Hint: Consider where manufacturing jobs have shifted globally.
Answer
A new international division of labour has emerged in which more and more routine manufacturing production and employment is done in the Third World cities.
Explanation
The text defines the 'new international division of labour' as one 'in which more and more routine manufacturing production and employment is done in the Third World cities.' This is exemplified by companies like Nike shifting production to countries with cheaper labor.
The Nike example, where production shifts from one country to another based on labor costs, illustrates a move from 'mass production of goods at a centralised location' to 'flexible production at dispersed locations'. This shift is described as moving from:
Hint: Recall the terms used to describe different production systems in the context of globalisation.
Answer
Instead of mass production of goods at a centralised location (Fordism), we have moved to a system of flexible production at dispersed locations (post-Fordism).
Explanation
The text directly states this shift: 'Instead of mass production of goods at a centralised location (Fordism), we have moved to a system of flexible production at dispersed locations (post-Fordism).' The Nike example serves to illustrate this concept.
Which major political change is identified as having hastened globalisation and given a specific economic and political approach to its underlying policies?
Hint: Consider a significant geopolitical event that reshaped global economic structures.
Answer
In many ways it was a major political change, namely, the collapse of the erstwhile socialist world that hastened globalisation. And also gave a specific economic and political approach to the economic policies that underpin globalisation.
Explanation
The text explicitly states, 'In many ways it was a major political change, namely, the collapse of the erstwhile socialist world that hastened globalisation. And also gave a specific economic and political approach to the economic policies that underpin globalisation.' These policies are often termed neo-liberal.
What defines an International Governmental Organisation (IGO)?
Hint: Focus on the 'governmental' aspect of the term.
Answer
An intergovernmental organisation is a body that is established by participating governments and given responsibility for regulating, or overseeing a particular domain of activity that is transnational in scope.
Explanation
The text defines an IGO as 'a body that is established by participating governments and given responsibility for regulating, or overseeing a particular domain of activity that is transnational in scope.' The WTO is given as an example.
What is the central contention of 'homogenisation' of culture in the context of globalisation?
Hint: Consider the meaning of 'homogeneous' in the context of culture.
Answer
A central contention is that all cultures will become similar, that is homogeneous.
Explanation
The text states, 'A central contention is that all cultures will become similar, that is homogeneous,' when discussing the impact of globalisation on culture.
McDonald's offering vegetarian and chicken products in India, instead of its popular beef products abroad, is an example of:
Hint: Think about how global brands adapt to local customs and preferences.
Answer
Even McDonald’s sells only vegetarian and chicken products in India and not its beef products, which are popular abroad. McDonald’s goes vegetarian during the Navaratri festival. In the field of music, one can see the growth of popularity of ‘Bhangra pop’, ‘In di pop’, fusion music and even remixes.
Explanation
The text uses this specific example to illustrate glocalisation, which 'refers to the mixing of the global with the local.' It highlights how foreign firms adapt to local traditions to enhance marketability.
How has the 'culture of consumption' changed the growth drivers of cities since the 1970s?
Hint: Consider the shift in focus for urban development from traditional industries to leisure and lifestyle.
Answer
Till the 1970s the manufacturing industries used to play a major role in the growth of cities. Presently, cultural consumption (of art, food, fashion, music, tourism) shapes to a large extent the growth of cities.
Explanation
The text explains a shift: 'Till the 1970s the manufacturing industries used to play a major role in the growth of cities. Presently, cultural consumption (of art, food, fashion, music, tourism) shapes to a large extent the growth of cities.' This is evident in the rise of malls and entertainment venues.
According to the text, what is the primary goal of creating a 'unique organisational culture' in the context of corporate culture?
Hint: Think about the business objectives behind fostering a specific company culture.
Answer
Corporate culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness though the creation of a unique organisational culture involving all members of a firm.
Explanation
The text defines corporate culture as a 'management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness though the creation of a unique organisational culture involving all members of a firm.'
The attempts by multinational companies to patent traditional Indian knowledge systems like Tulsi, Haldi, and Basmati rice highlight the need for:
Hint: Consider the implication of companies trying to claim ownership over traditional, community-held knowledge.
Answer
Recent attempts by some multinational companies to patent the use of Tulsi, Haldi (turmeric), Rudraksha and Basmati rice have highlighted the need for protecting the base of its indigenous knowledge systems.
Explanation
The text directly states that these patenting attempts 'have highlighted the need for protecting the base of its indigenous knowledge systems,' indicating a threat posed by globalisation to traditional knowledge.
The testimony of the Dombari community in the text illustrates how globalisation can impact traditional entertainers. What was the primary reason for their loss of livelihood?
Hint: Think about how new forms of entertainment affect older ones.
Answer
Television and radio have snatched away our means of livelihood. We perform acrobatics but because of the circus and the television, which have reached even in remote corners and villages, nobody is interested in our performances.
Explanation
The Dombari community's testimony explicitly states, 'Television and radio have snatched away our means of livelihood. We perform acrobatics but because of the circus and the television, which have reached even in remote corners and villages, nobody is interested in our performances.' This shows the impact of global media.
The Indian government's economic policy of liberalisation, initiated in 1991, marked a break from an earlier policy of:
Hint: Consider what the government's stance on economic control was before 1991.
Answer
This marked a break with an earlier stated policy of the government to have a greater control over the economy.
Explanation
The text states that liberalisation 'marked a break with an earlier stated policy of the government to have a greater control over the economy,' which involved protecting Indian markets and businesses.
When India took loans from international institutions like the IMF during liberalisation, these loans often came with conditions requiring 'structural adjustments.' What do these adjustments usually mean?
Hint: Think about the common conditions imposed by international lenders on developing economies.
Answer
These adjustments usually mean cuts in state expenditure on the social sector such as health, education and social security.
Explanation
The text clarifies that structural adjustments, a condition for IMF loans, 'usually mean cuts in state expenditure on the social sector such as health, education and social security.'
The withdrawal of quantitative restrictions (QR) on imports in India since April 1, 2001, primarily resulted in:
Hint: Consider the effect of removing barriers to international trade on product availability.
Answer
With the opening up of the market and removal of restrictions to the import of many products, we have many more products from different corners of the world in our neighbourhood shops. Since April 1, 2001, all types of quantitative restrictions (QR) on imports were withdrawn.
Explanation
The text states that with the 'opening up of the market and removal of restrictions to the import of many products,' India saw 'many more products from different corners of the world in our neighbourhood shops,' directly linking this to the withdrawal of QRs.
The economic policies underpinning globalisation, often termed 'neo-liberal economic measures,' are characterized by a political vision that:
Hint: Consider the core tenets of free market ideology.
Answer
Broadly these policies reflect a political vision of free enterprise which believes that a free reign to market forces will be both efficient and fair. It is, therefore, critical of both state regulation and state subsidies.
Explanation
The text explains that neo-liberal economic measures 'reflect a political vision of free enterprise which believes that a free reign to market forces will be both efficient and fair. It is, therefore, critical of both state regulation and state subsidies.'
Which of the following is an example of an international or regional mechanism for political collaboration mentioned in the text?
Hint: Look for specific regional blocs mentioned in the political changes section.
Answer
The European Union (EU), the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional Corporation (SAARC) are just some of the examples that indicate the greater role of regional associations.
Explanation
The text lists 'The European Union (EU), the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional Corporation (SAARC)' as examples of such mechanisms.
Unlike International Governmental Organisations (IGOs), International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs) are primarily:
Hint: Distinguish between organizations linked to governments and those that are not.
Answer
As the name suggests, INGOs differ from intergovernmental organisations in that they are not affiliated with government institutions. Rather they are independent organisations, which make policy decisions and address international issues.
Explanation
The text states that INGOs 'are not affiliated with government institutions. Rather they are independent organisations, which make policy decisions and address international issues.'
The text suggests that India's cultural tradition has historically been wary of the 'kupamanduka.' What does this parable symbolize in the context of cultural influences?
Hint: Recall the description of the 'well-frog' and its perspective.
Answer
We can find a warning against isolationism in a parable about a well-frog- the ‘kupamanduka’- that persistently recurs in several old Sanskrit texts…The kupamanduka is a frog that lives its whole life within a well, knows nothing else, and is suspicious of everything outside it.
Explanation
The 'kupamanduka' is described as a frog that 'lives its whole life within a well, knows nothing else, and is suspicious of everything outside it,' serving as a 'warning against isolationism.' The text notes India's tradition has fortunately retained an 'open-ended attitude' despite this warning.
How might globalisation be misused by 'defenders of a fixed traditional idea of cultural identity' concerning women's rights?
Hint: Consider how traditionalists might use the concept of cultural identity to resist change.
Answer
Very often defenders of a fixed traditional idea of cultural identity defend undemocratic and discriminating practices against women in the name of cultural identity. These could range from a defence of sati to defence of women’s exclusion from education and participation in public matters. Globalisation can then be taken as a bogey to defend unjust practices against women.
Explanation
The text warns that 'Globalisation can then be taken as a bogey to defend unjust practices against women,' by 'defenders of a fixed traditional idea of cultural identity' who might use it to justify discrimination.
Beyond economic forces, what is identified as the primary driver of globalisation, intensifying the speed and scope of interaction worldwide?
Hint: Think about how people communicate and exchange information across vast distances instantly.
Answer
It has been driven forward above all by the development of information and communication technologies that have intensified the speed and scope of interaction between people all over the world.
Explanation
The text states that globalisation 'has been driven forward above all by the development of information and communication technologies that have intensified the speed and scope of interaction between people all over the world.'
For the middle-class youth from urban centers in India, globalisation and the IT revolution have primarily led to:
Hint: Consider the new types of jobs that emerged with the IT boom.
Answer
For the middle class youth from urban centres, globalisation and the IT revolution has opened up new career opportunities. Instead of routinely picking up B.Sc./ B.A./B.Com. degree from colleges, many young persons are learning computer languages at computer institutes, taking up jobs at call centers or Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) companies, working as sales persons in shopping malls or picking up jobs at the various restaurants that have opened up.
Explanation
The text highlights that for 'middle class youth from urban centres, globalisation and the IT revolution has opened up new career opportunities' in areas such as computer languages, call centers, BPOs, and retail.
The compression of space and time due to globalisation means that sociologists can no longer study society as an isolated entity. This implies that sociological studies must now:
Hint: Consider the impact of interconnectedness on how social phenomena should be examined.
Answer
The compression of space and time has changed this. Sociologists have to study villages, families, movements, child rearing practices, work and leisure, bureaucratic organisations or castes taking this global interconnection into account.
Explanation
The text states that 'The compression of space and time has changed this. Sociologists have to study villages, families... taking this global interconnection into account,' emphasizing the need for a global perspective in sociological research.
The text mentions that even after India gained independence, it retained a 'global outlook' and that migration, export, and import were ongoing processes. This suggests that globalisation:
Hint: Think about India's engagement with the world even before the recent wave of globalisation.
Answer
Independent India retained a global outlook. In many senses this was inherited from the Indian nationalist movement. Commitment to liberation struggles throughout the world, solidarity with people from different parts of the world was very much part of this vision. Many Indians travelled overseas for education and work. Migration was an ongoing process. Export and import of raw material, goods and technology was very much a part of the development since independence.
Explanation
The text notes that 'Independent India retained a global outlook' and that global interactions like migration, export, and import were 'very much a part of the development since independence,' indicating that global connections were not entirely new.
The example of Nike shifting its production centers based on changing labor costs (from Japan to South Korea, then to Thailand, Indonesia, and India) primarily illustrates what about the laboring population?
Hint: Consider the consequences for workers when companies can easily move production.
Answer
However, if labour is cheaper elsewhere production centres will move somewhere else. This entire process makes the labouring population very vulnerable and insecure.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that this 'flexibility of labour' where production moves to cheaper locations 'makes the labouring population very vulnerable and insecure.'
Which cities are identified as key centers for 24-hour financial trading globally?
Hint: Think of major global financial hubs.
Answer
Cities such as New York, Tokyo and London are the key centres for financial trading.
Explanation
The text names 'New York, Tokyo and London' as the 'key centres for financial trading' in the context of the globalisation of finance.
The example of the Pontiac Le Mans car, where components are sourced from South Korea, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Singapore, the UK, and Barbados/Ireland, illustrates:
Hint: Consider where different parts of a product's value chain are located in a global economy.
Answer
General Motors produces an ostensibly American car such as Pontiac Le Mans. Of the showroom price of $20,000, only $7,600 goes to Americans... Of the rest: 48 per cent goes to South Korea for labour and assembly. 28 per cent to Japan for advanced components... 12 per cent to Germany for styling and design engineering. 7 per cent to Taiwan and Singapore for small components. 4 per cent to the United Kingdom for marketing, and about 1 per cent to Barbados or Ireland for data processing.
Explanation
This detailed breakdown of component sourcing for the Pontiac Le Mans clearly demonstrates 'the fragmented and globally distributed nature of modern production,' where different parts of a product are made in various countries.
The text emphasizes that while globalisation affects everyone, it affects people differently. This means that:
Hint: Recall the examples of both beneficiaries and those who suffer losses.
Answer
The effect of globalisation is far reaching. It affects us all but affects us differently. Thus, while for some it may mean new opportunities, for others the loss of livelihood.
Explanation
The text explicitly states, 'The effect of globalisation is far reaching. It affects us all but affects us differently. Thus, while for some it may mean new opportunities, for others the loss of livelihood,' highlighting its uneven nature.
What was a primary reason for the reported suicides by traditional weavers in Sircilla and Dubakka villages mentioned in the text?
Hint: Think about how industrialization and changing preferences affect traditional crafts.
Answer
Some years back, there were reports of large number of suicides by the traditional weavers in Sircilla village of Karimnagar district and in Dubakka village in Medak district, both in Andhra Pradesh. These weavers with no means to invest in technology were unable to adapt to the changing consumer tastes and competition from power looms.
Explanation
The text attributes the suicides to the weavers' 'inability to adapt to the changing consumer tastes and competition from power looms,' signifying the negative impact of market changes associated with globalisation.
Despite rapid growth in telecommunications, especially mobile phones, the text highlights that a 'digital divide' persists in India. What is a key characteristic of this divide?
Hint: Consider the challenges faced by remote or less developed regions in accessing technology.
Answer
Cyber connectivity had largely remained an urban phenomenon but widely accessible through the cyber cafés. But the rural areas with their erratic power supply, widespread illiteracy and lack of infrastructure, like telephone connections, still remain largely unconnected.
Explanation
The text explains the digital divide by stating, 'But the rural areas with their erratic power supply, widespread illiteracy and lack of infrastructure, like telephone connections, still remain largely unconnected,' contrasting them with urban areas.
The text notes sharply divided views about the impact of globalisation. Some believe it heralds a better world, while others fear it worsens the condition of the already excluded population. This indicates that globalisation is:
Hint: Consider the existence of multiple, often opposing, viewpoints on its effects.
Answer
It is obvious that globalisation is of great social significance. But as you saw its impact on different sections of society is very different. There are, therefore, sharply divided views about the impact of globalisation regarding its effect.
Explanation
The presence of 'sharply divided views' and the acknowledgement that its 'impact on different sections of society is very different' strongly suggest that globalisation is a complex and contested phenomenon with significant social implications.
Women gum collectors in Gujarat lost their employment due to the import of cheaper gum from Sudan. This is an example of globalisation's impact on:
Hint: Think about the effect of cheaper imported goods on local producers.
Answer
In Gujarat, women gum collectors, who were picking from the ‘julifera’ (Baval trees), lost their employment due to the import of cheaper gum from Sudan.
Explanation
This example directly illustrates how cheaper imports, facilitated by globalisation, can lead to the 'displacement of traditional livelihoods' for local producers who cannot compete.
The policy of 'structural adjustments' often associated with international loans means that international institutions like the WTO have a greater say in:
Hint: Recall the specific mandate of the World Trade Organization.
Answer
There is also a greater say by international institutions such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO). An intergovernmental organisation is a body that is established by participating governments and given responsibility for regulating, or overseeing a particular domain of activity that is transnational in scope. The World Trade Organisation (WTO), for instance, increasingly has a major say in the rules that govern trade practices.
Explanation
The text states that with structural adjustments, there is 'a greater say by international institutions such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO),' and then clarifies that the WTO 'increasingly has a major say in the rules that govern trade practices.'
The concept of 'inclusive globalisation' suggests a vision where:
Hint: Consider the meaning of 'inclusive' in a social context.
Answer
However, the possibilities that there can be a globalisation which is different do exist. We, thus have the concept of an inclusive globalisation, that is one, which includes all the sections of society.
Explanation
The text defines 'inclusive globalisation' as 'one, which includes all the sections of society,' presenting it as an alternative possibility to the uneven impacts often observed.
The sociological imagination enables individuals to make a connection between what two realms?
Hint: Recall the core function of the sociological imagination as described early in the text.
Answer
As mentioned earlier, the sociological imagination enables to make this connection between the micro and the macro, between the personal and public.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that 'the sociological imagination enables to make this connection between the micro and the macro, between the personal and public.'
The 'dramatic changes in the media' are considered perhaps the most visible effect of globalisation because:
Hint: Consider the change in the number and variety of media options available.
Answer
Likewise macro policy changes have meant that instead of one television channel we have literally scores today. The dramatic changes in the media are perhaps the most visible effect of globalisation.
Explanation
The text notes that 'instead of one television channel we have literally scores today' and that 'The dramatic changes in the media are perhaps the most visible effect of globalisation,' highlighting the increased choice and reach.
The Government of India initiated the 'Digital India' programme with the aim of:
Hint: Think about the goals of a national digital initiative.
Answer
To create global interconnectedness more efficiently, the Government of India has initiated an ambitious programme in the form of ‘Digital India’, in which every exchange will incorporate digitisation. It will transform India into a ‘digitally empowered society’ and a ‘knowledge economy’.
Explanation
The text states that 'Digital India' aims 'To create global interconnectedness more efficiently' and to 'transform India into a ‘digitally empowered society’ and a ‘knowledge economy’.'
In almost all cities of India, rag pickers lost some of their employment due to the import of waste paper from developed countries. This scenario primarily demonstrates:
Hint: Consider how imported goods, even waste, can create competition for local informal workers.
Answer
In almost all cities of India, the rag pickers lost some of their employment due to import of waste paper from developed countries.
Explanation
This example directly shows how 'import of waste paper from developed countries' led to rag pickers losing employment, illustrating how global trade can displace informal sector workers.
The text argues that globalisation involves 'significant changes in the capitalist system of production and communication, organisation of labour and capital, technological innovations and cultural experiences.' This implies that globalisation is more than just:
Hint: Recall the document's emphasis on the 'intensity and complexity' beyond a basic understanding.
Answer
The important question is, however, whether globalisation is just about global interconnections. Or is it about some significant changes in the capitalist system of production and communication, organisation of labour and capital, technological innovations and cultural experiences, ways of governance and social movements? ... As you go through them you will realise why a simple definition of global interconnection does not capture the intensity and complexity of globalisation.
Explanation
The text explicitly states that 'a simple definition of global interconnection does not capture the intensity and complexity of globalisation' and frames the discussion around whether it's 'just about global interconnections' or also about 'significant changes' in various systems.
Which historical event is cited as perhaps the greatest movement of people, often identified as a defining feature of globalisation today?
Hint: Think about large-scale historical movements of populations across continents.
Answer
Often globalisation today identifies large-scale movement of people or migration as a defining feature. You know, however, that perhaps the greatest movement of people was the migration of European people who settled down in the Americas and Australia.
Explanation
The text notes that 'perhaps the greatest movement of people was the migration of European people who settled down in the Americas and Australia,' linking this historical migration to a defining feature of globalisation.
The text states that sociologists studying villages and farmers must now take into account 'the impact of WTO rules on agriculture.' This suggests that:
Hint: Consider how international organizations influence domestic sectors.
Answer
Studies will have to take into account the impact of WTO rules on agriculture and therefore on the farmer.
Explanation
This statement highlights the interconnectedness where 'WTO rules on agriculture' directly affect 'the farmer,' demonstrating that global trade regulations have tangible impacts on local economies and livelihoods, requiring sociologists to adopt a broader perspective.
No comments:
Post a Comment